Nephrolithiasis is a common urologic disease, of which the prevalence has been increasing rapidly.Recent studies have shown that metabolic syndrome(MS) is associated with the formation and recurrence of nephrolithiasis.Metabolic syndrome includes hypertension,diabetes, obesity and so on. 24-hour urinalysis is the main basis of the metabolic evaluation of patients with nephrolithiasis. Recently, it has been reported that changes in calcium, citrate, uric acid, oxalate, phosphate and protein in the urine of patients with metabolic syndrome are related to the formation and recurrence of nephrolithiasis, in which insulin resistance plays an important role.

【Abstract】Tumor cells generated occasionally in the body can be identified and removed as a foreign body by immune cells.The generation,development and metastasis of tumor cells although under the body′s immune surveillance,suggest that the tumor cells have the capability of immune escape.In this paper,the research progress of tumor immune escape in the process of tumor immunity including tumor antigen expression,identification,processing,presenting,T cell proliferation,activation and differentiation,as well as the emergence of immune effect is reviewed.

In recent decade,a number of targeted therapies have been discovered and proven effective in a variety of human hematological and solid malignancies.However,the relatively rapid acquisition of resistance to such treatments which is observed in virtually all cases significantly limits their utility and remains a substantial challenge to their clinical application.As molecular mechanisms of resistance have begun to be elucidated,new strategies to overcome or prevent the development of resistance have been emerging.Here,we summarize the characteristics of these targeted therapies and provide an overview of the key clinical trials that led to approval of these drugs,the various mechanisms of drug resistance and potential ways to overcome that.

Metastasis and metabolic deregulation are two of the major essential hallmarks of cancer.In the initiation and development of cancer,tumor cells are known to undergo metabolic alterations to sustain faster proliferation.Recent studies indicated that metabolic changes of tumors are also closely related to tumor metastasis.In this review,we summarize the research progress about the roles and related mechanism of tumor metabolism in tumor metastasis from the aspects of both the tumor cell and microenvironment.

Metastasis is one of the biological hallmarks of malignancy and the principal cause of death of patients.Recent years,metastatic potential is thought at least to be due to tumor heterogeneities which origin from the differences generated in the evolution process of cancer itself as well as host microenvironment.Derived from traditional theories,tumor heterogeneity includes more than gene mutations.The changes of non-genetic levels like epigenetic regulation and post-translational modification are widely considered.Based on the “seed and soil” theory about metastasis,this review summarizes the advances of studies in cancer metastasis from the perspective of evolution and heterogeneity,hoping to promote the study of metastasis and clinical control application.

Mitochondria provide basic energy for the cell life activities. Electron transfer complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane carry hydrogen and electronics to ATP enzyme complexes. This process is responsible for the energy and hydrogen ions across the membrane gradient cycle. The mitochondrial respiratort chain provides 95% of the energy to cell survival, which is mainly composed of 5 complex: NADPH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, ubiquinone-cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome c oxidase and ATP synthase located on the mitochondrial membrane. We explicated in detail molecular structure, function and biological significance of mitochondrial complexes in present article.

Districts in Liangshan Prefecture,Sichuan Province have a high incidence of AIDs.The special geographical,cultrural,sexual and health economical status there make it hard to prevent HIV.The lack of effective educating methods,drugs and health-service system,and stubborn staditional sexual customs are the main obstacles.So publicizing in a stronger method,improving the surveillance system,allocating health-service resource soundly and intervening suiting local conditions should be put a high premium.

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are necessary for tumor recurrence and distal metastasis.With the development and progress in the detection technologies of CTCs,more and more attentions have been focused on the biological characteristics and their potential clinical application of CTCs.Cumulating evidence suggests that CTCs are closely related to the prognosis of cancer patients,and may be used in personized cancer treatment.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs),a kind of pluripotent stem cells,have great value in clinical research and practice because of its high degree of self-renewal,multi differentiation potential,low immunogenicity and immune regulation ability as well as its convenient source,easy to separate, culture, amplification and purification, and still having pluripotent it after several subculture.In this article,we reviews the latest research progress and the existing problems in the development of lung and respiratory,cardiovascular,nervous system and autoimmune diseases,as well as regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.

Cancer therapy targeting immune checkpoints such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1),programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) has achieved noteworthy benefit in multiple cancers by blocking immune-inhibitory signals and enabling patients to produce an effective antitumor immune response.The Cancer therapy of the monoclonal antibodies against CTLA-4,PD-1 and PD-L-1 has brought a promising future for cancer treatment.In this review,we mainly discuss the progress in the tumor immune checkpoint-targeted immunotherapy in recent years.

Objective  To compare the short-term safety and efficacy of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and microwave ablation (MWA) for treatment of large benign thyroid nodules. Methods  A total of 34 patients with large benign thyroid nodules were studied retrospectively, including 13 patients treated with ultrasound-guided RFA and 21 patients treated with MWA between Jun., 2016 and Feb., 2017 in Zhongshan Hospital. The thyroid function parameters, serum antibodies, complications and thyroid nodules volume reduction rate(VRR) were compared between the two groups during the follow-up. Results  There were no statistically significant differences (P＞0.05) among those patients before and after treatment in serum free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (TG-Ab) levels, and thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Ab). One patient in the MWA group had mild hoarseness after ablation and another patient in the RFA group had intraoperative hemorrhage for about 10 mL. There were no other complications such as neck scar, postoperative infection, skin burns, tracheal and esophageal injury. One day after the ablation, all nodules were showed hypoecho and contrast-enhanced ultrasound proved there was no blood supply. One month after treatment, no statistically significant difference was found in VRR between two groups (23.8% vs. 22.6%, P=0.127). Conclusions  RFA and MWA are safe and effective treatments for large benign thyroid nodules, and no significant difference was observed in short-term follow-up.

转移是肿瘤的最根本恶性特征,也是肿瘤患者的最主要死亡原因(90%以上患者死于转移)。转移是肿瘤细胞与宿主器官微环境相互作用的非常复杂的过程。肿瘤转移研究已经有一百多年的发展历程,其里程碑事件包括：(1)转移假说的提出：包括“种子与土壤”假说(Paget,1889)和“机械理论学说”(Ewing,1929),两者对立统一,指导着转移研究与防治。(2)对转移过程的逐渐认识,将转移途径区分为淋巴转移和血行转移(Bernard,1959)。(3)发现癌转移的异质性(Fidler, 1970)、提出克隆筛选理论(Nowell,1976)。(4)发现转移的器官特异性：1984年Tarin等发现器官特异性转移的证据；20世纪90年代确认转移的器官特异性；(5)认识到宿主因素的重要作用：20世纪60年代发现宿主因素影响转移；21世纪初开始针对宿主因素的抗转移治疗。
转移研究一直是肿瘤临床与基础研究的热点与难点,最近20年,由于分子细胞生物学、特别是基因组和蛋白质组和免疫学等技术的发展,大大促进了对肿瘤转移过程的认知和转移防治策略的发展。近年的研究热点包括：肿瘤进化与肿瘤异质性和转移潜能、干细胞与EMT、肿瘤细胞与微环境的对话(包括外泌体、转移前壁龛)、微环境免疫编辑、CTC与分子显像以及免疫和靶向治疗等抗转移新策略等,这些领域均取得明显进展,有诸多新的发现。特别是最近肿瘤免疫与免疫生物治疗的突破性进展,为临床抗转移治疗提供了新的希望。为此,我们组织复旦大学肿瘤转移研究所的研究生,对上述领域的最新进展进行了总结,以餐读者。本专题综述了“干细胞在实体肿瘤转移中的作用与地位”、“肿瘤代谢与肿瘤转移”、“循环肿瘤细胞的生物学特性及其意义”、“外泌体与肿瘤侵袭转移相关研究进展”、“促进转移的肿瘤相关免疫细胞与靶向治疗策略”、“肿瘤免疫检查点靶向治疗的研究进展”、“肿瘤分子靶向治疗的研究进展”以及“肿瘤的进化与异质性及其在转移中的意义”,相信有助于全面了解肿瘤转移的基础研究现状以及临床诊疗研究的趋势,对肿瘤转移研究与防治具有指导意义。

As an essential endogenous substance in human body,bilirubin is a main criterion in clinical diagnosis of jaundice,and is also an important index in assessment of liver function.In this article,we briefly reviewed advances in metabolic process,kinetics and disorder of bilirubin,focused on describing organic anion transport polypeptide (OATP) and multidrugassociated protein (MRP)mediated transport of bilirubin,regulation of the nuclear receptor PXR and CAR on UGT1A1mediated metabolism of bilirubin,and inhibition and induction of drugs on metabolism of bilirubin,as well as their correlation with bilirubinrelated disease.The aim of this paper is to provide a reference for further exploring and disclosing the etiology and pathogenesis of bilirubinrelated malady,e.g.jaundice,hyperbilirubinemia,neonatal jaundice,and provide the latest scientific evidence for diagnosis,prevention and treatment of the disease.

Tumor metastasis is mainly responsible for cancer mortality.It is promoted by both accumulation of intrinsic alterations and interaction of cancer cells with various stromal cells in tumor microenvironment.Tumor-infiltrating immune cells including tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs),myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T cells (Treg),have been shown to support immune suppression and the metastasis of tumor cells.The dissemination of tumor cells to distant organ sites necessitates a treacherous journey,which requires immune escape,pre-metastatic niche formation,tumor cell egress into blood circulation finally arrival at the target organ and persistent metastatic growth.Each step of tumor metastasis is fostered by the communication between tumor and immune cells.This review focuses on the interactions between tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating immune cells,and potential immune strategies.

【Abstract】Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that continuously undergo fusion and fission to adapt the energy metabolism of myocardial cells and to maintain their systolic function.However,the functional role of mitochondrial dynamics in the heart remains unclear.Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondrial dynamics may contribute to the pathologic processes of dilated cardiomyopathy,ischemia-reperfusion injury and heart failure.This article is to briefly review impaired balance of mitochondrial fission and fusion on the energy metabolism of myocardial cells.

Objective  To establish the subcutaneous human breast carcinoma models by two different methods (injection of cell suspensions and transplantation of tissues) and to observe their biological features.Methods  The subcutaneous tumor models were prepared by injection of cultured breast cancer cells suspensions directly or by transplantation of tumor tissue mass.MDA-MA-231 cell line was cultured in vitro and inoculated subcutaneously into ten female nude rats.In 2 weeks 2 nude rates were sacrificed and the subcutaneous tumors were excised.The tumours were cut into small mass with volume of 2 mm3,and then transplanted subcutaneously into another ten female nude rats.All nude rates were sacrificed in 4 weeks.The carcinoma mass were excised and studied through histopathology and immunohistochemistry.Results  The subcutaneous tumors of the human breast carcinoma were generated in all 10 nude rats by injection of breast cancer cells suspensions,and in 8 of 10 nude rates by transplantation of tumor mass.The biological features of those 2 tumour models analyzed by HE staining and immunohistochemistry were showed with similarity as human breast carcinoma.Conclusions   Both subcutaneous tumor models by the two different methods using nude rat can be served as ideal disease models in vivo study of human breast carcinoma.