【Abstract】Tumor cells generated occasionally in the body can be identified and removed as a foreign body by immune cells.The generation,development and metastasis of tumor cells although under the body′s immune surveillance,suggest that the tumor cells have the capability of immune escape.In this paper,the research progress of tumor immune escape in the process of tumor immunity including tumor antigen expression,identification,processing,presenting,T cell proliferation,activation and differentiation,as well as the emergence of immune effect is reviewed.

Nephrolithiasis is a common urologic disease, of which the prevalence has been increasing rapidly.Recent studies have shown that metabolic syndrome(MS) is associated with the formation and recurrence of nephrolithiasis.Metabolic syndrome includes hypertension,diabetes, obesity and so on. 24-hour urinalysis is the main basis of the metabolic evaluation of patients with nephrolithiasis. Recently, it has been reported that changes in calcium, citrate, uric acid, oxalate, phosphate and protein in the urine of patients with metabolic syndrome are related to the formation and recurrence of nephrolithiasis, in which insulin resistance plays an important role.

Districts in Liangshan Prefecture,Sichuan Province have a high incidence of AIDs.The special geographical,cultrural,sexual and health economical status there make it hard to prevent HIV.The lack of effective educating methods,drugs and health-service system,and stubborn staditional sexual customs are the main obstacles.So publicizing in a stronger method,improving the surveillance system,allocating health-service resource soundly and intervening suiting local conditions should be put a high premium.

Mitochondria provide basic energy for the cell life activities. Electron transfer complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane carry hydrogen and electronics to ATP enzyme complexes. This process is responsible for the energy and hydrogen ions across the membrane gradient cycle. The mitochondrial respiratort chain provides 95% of the energy to cell survival, which is mainly composed of 5 complex: NADPH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, ubiquinone-cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome c oxidase and ATP synthase located on the mitochondrial membrane. We explicated in detail molecular structure, function and biological significance of mitochondrial complexes in present article.

In recent decade,a number of targeted therapies have been discovered and proven effective in a variety of human hematological and solid malignancies.However,the relatively rapid acquisition of resistance to such treatments which is observed in virtually all cases significantly limits their utility and remains a substantial challenge to their clinical application.As molecular mechanisms of resistance have begun to be elucidated,new strategies to overcome or prevent the development of resistance have been emerging.Here,we summarize the characteristics of these targeted therapies and provide an overview of the key clinical trials that led to approval of these drugs,the various mechanisms of drug resistance and potential ways to overcome that.

Metastasis and metabolic deregulation are two of the major essential hallmarks of cancer.In the initiation and development of cancer,tumor cells are known to undergo metabolic alterations to sustain faster proliferation.Recent studies indicated that metabolic changes of tumors are also closely related to tumor metastasis.In this review,we summarize the research progress about the roles and related mechanism of tumor metabolism in tumor metastasis from the aspects of both the tumor cell and microenvironment.

Metastasis is one of the biological hallmarks of malignancy and the principal cause of death of patients.Recent years,metastatic potential is thought at least to be due to tumor heterogeneities which origin from the differences generated in the evolution process of cancer itself as well as host microenvironment.Derived from traditional theories,tumor heterogeneity includes more than gene mutations.The changes of non-genetic levels like epigenetic regulation and post-translational modification are widely considered.Based on the “seed and soil” theory about metastasis,this review summarizes the advances of studies in cancer metastasis from the perspective of evolution and heterogeneity,hoping to promote the study of metastasis and clinical control application.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs),a kind of pluripotent stem cells,have great value in clinical research and practice because of its high degree of self-renewal,multi differentiation potential,low immunogenicity and immune regulation ability as well as its convenient source,easy to separate, culture, amplification and purification, and still having pluripotent it after several subculture.In this article,we reviews the latest research progress and the existing problems in the development of lung and respiratory,cardiovascular,nervous system and autoimmune diseases,as well as regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. More than 80%-90% of hepatocellular carcinoma arises from hepatitis, liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. This review focuses on the impact of liver fibrosis on immune microenvironment. Liver fibrosis involving hepatic stellate cells, myofibroblasts, cancer-related fibroblasts and extracellular matrix affects innate and adaptive immunity through relevant pathways. An immunosuppressive microenvironment derived from liver fibrosis promotes the initiation and development of hepatocellular carcinoma.

As an essential endogenous substance in human body,bilirubin is a main criterion in clinical diagnosis of jaundice,and is also an important index in assessment of liver function.In this article,we briefly reviewed advances in metabolic process,kinetics and disorder of bilirubin,focused on describing organic anion transport polypeptide (OATP) and multidrugassociated protein (MRP)mediated transport of bilirubin,regulation of the nuclear receptor PXR and CAR on UGT1A1mediated metabolism of bilirubin,and inhibition and induction of drugs on metabolism of bilirubin,as well as their correlation with bilirubinrelated disease.The aim of this paper is to provide a reference for further exploring and disclosing the etiology and pathogenesis of bilirubinrelated malady,e.g.jaundice,hyperbilirubinemia,neonatal jaundice,and provide the latest scientific evidence for diagnosis,prevention and treatment of the disease.

Takayasu arteritis (TAK) is a chronic autoimmune disease with the characteristics of early onset, long course, high disability rate and heavy disease burden, which seriously affects the physical and mental health and quality of life of patients. So far, there are no guidelines or expert consensus on the chronic disease management of TAK. Therefore, we have developmented the first domestic multidisciplinary recommendations on the chronic diseases management throughout the entire course of TAK, aiming to standardize the diagnosis and treatment process, improve the diagnosis and treatment level, and improve the prognosis of the disease for clinicians in relevant disciplines. The keypoints of this consensus include: (1) TAK has an early onset and high mortality rate. Early screening of the disease with a focus on middle-aged and young people with abnormal blood pressure, weakened or absent pulse, neck pain, or cervical vascular murmurs should be emphasized; (2) 2022 ACR/EULAR classification standard is recommended for the diagnosis of TAK; (3) The comprehensive assessment includes disease activity, vascular injury, important organ structures and functions related to vascular injury, disease risk, comorbidities, and quality of life; (4) Kerr score is recommended to assess disease activity; (5) A comprehensive vascular assessment is recommended, ultrasound, MRA, CTA, and PET/CT can all be used as imaging methods for the diagnosis and follow-up evaluation of TAK; (6) Wall thickening, T2 weighted high signal, and wall enhancement on MRA; appearance of thickening, enhancement, and low attenuation loops in the vascular wall on CTA; and an increase in SUV value of the wall on PET/CT, indicating wall inflammation; (7) In disease diagnosis and follow-up, the structure and function of important organs are recommended to be evaluated based on clinical manifestations, affected vascular sites, and severity; (8) The treatment of TAK should be dominated by the rheumatologists, and a "patient-centered" chronic disease management model should be established under a multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment to achieve full course standardized treatment; (9) Glucocorticoids (GCs) are the basic medication for inducing remission, which should be combined with disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) to achieve disease remission. Attention should be paid to drug efficacy and side effects; (10) Revascularization emphasizes the need for multidisciplinary teams (MDT) to negotiate and make decisions on the premise of stable disease control after sufficient anti-inflammatory treatment in the internal medicine department. Sequential internal medicine treatment and evaluation are still required after surgery; (11) Patients with pregnancy needs need to be comprehensively evaluated by the MDT to choose the appropriate timing of pregnancy, and closely monitored and followed up during pregnancy and childbirth; (12) Vaccination is best carried out during the stable period of the disease. During the use of glucocorticoids and DMARDs, inactivated vaccine can be inoculated, while live vaccine should be avoided; (13) Strengthen popular science promotion, improve the understanding, diagnosis and treatment level of TAK in relevant disciplines and grassroots medical workers, enhance patients' awareness and self-management ability of the disease, and implement a full lifecycle disease management model through tripartite collaboration between doctors, nurses, and patients.

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are necessary for tumor recurrence and distal metastasis.With the development and progress in the detection technologies of CTCs,more and more attentions have been focused on the biological characteristics and their potential clinical application of CTCs.Cumulating evidence suggests that CTCs are closely related to the prognosis of cancer patients,and may be used in personized cancer treatment.

【Abstract】Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that continuously undergo fusion and fission to adapt the energy metabolism of myocardial cells and to maintain their systolic function.However,the functional role of mitochondrial dynamics in the heart remains unclear.Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondrial dynamics may contribute to the pathologic processes of dilated cardiomyopathy,ischemia-reperfusion injury and heart failure.This article is to briefly review impaired balance of mitochondrial fission and fusion on the energy metabolism of myocardial cells.

Objective  To establish the subcutaneous human breast carcinoma models by two different methods (injection of cell suspensions and transplantation of tissues) and to observe their biological features.Methods  The subcutaneous tumor models were prepared by injection of cultured breast cancer cells suspensions directly or by transplantation of tumor tissue mass.MDA-MA-231 cell line was cultured in vitro and inoculated subcutaneously into ten female nude rats.In 2 weeks 2 nude rates were sacrificed and the subcutaneous tumors were excised.The tumours were cut into small mass with volume of 2 mm3,and then transplanted subcutaneously into another ten female nude rats.All nude rates were sacrificed in 4 weeks.The carcinoma mass were excised and studied through histopathology and immunohistochemistry.Results  The subcutaneous tumors of the human breast carcinoma were generated in all 10 nude rats by injection of breast cancer cells suspensions,and in 8 of 10 nude rates by transplantation of tumor mass.The biological features of those 2 tumour models analyzed by HE staining and immunohistochemistry were showed with similarity as human breast carcinoma.Conclusions   Both subcutaneous tumor models by the two different methods using nude rat can be served as ideal disease models in vivo study of human breast carcinoma.

Objective  To compare the short-term safety and efficacy of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and microwave ablation (MWA) for treatment of large benign thyroid nodules. Methods  A total of 34 patients with large benign thyroid nodules were studied retrospectively, including 13 patients treated with ultrasound-guided RFA and 21 patients treated with MWA between Jun., 2016 and Feb., 2017 in Zhongshan Hospital. The thyroid function parameters, serum antibodies, complications and thyroid nodules volume reduction rate(VRR) were compared between the two groups during the follow-up. Results  There were no statistically significant differences (P＞0.05) among those patients before and after treatment in serum free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (TG-Ab) levels, and thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Ab). One patient in the MWA group had mild hoarseness after ablation and another patient in the RFA group had intraoperative hemorrhage for about 10 mL. There were no other complications such as neck scar, postoperative infection, skin burns, tracheal and esophageal injury. One day after the ablation, all nodules were showed hypoecho and contrast-enhanced ultrasound proved there was no blood supply. One month after treatment, no statistically significant difference was found in VRR between two groups (23.8% vs. 22.6%, P=0.127). Conclusions  RFA and MWA are safe and effective treatments for large benign thyroid nodules, and no significant difference was observed in short-term follow-up.

Cancer therapy targeting immune checkpoints such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1),programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) has achieved noteworthy benefit in multiple cancers by blocking immune-inhibitory signals and enabling patients to produce an effective antitumor immune response.The Cancer therapy of the monoclonal antibodies against CTLA-4,PD-1 and PD-L-1 has brought a promising future for cancer treatment.In this review,we mainly discuss the progress in the tumor immune checkpoint-targeted immunotherapy in recent years.

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is an extrahepatic enzyme that catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in the catabolism of the essential amino acid tryptophan (Trp) along the kynurenine pathway (KP).The overexpression or overactivation of IDO1 leads to the accumulation of downstream neurotoxic metabolite,quinolinic acid (QUIN),which is the main reason of nervous disorder and neurodegenerative disease.As an immunotolerant enzyme,IDO1 is regarded as a new immune checkpoint due to vital role in both the induction of maternal-fetal immune tolerance and tumor immune escape.Furthermore,the correlation between IDO1 and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer′s disease (AD),age-related cataracts and cancer has been confirmed,which brings IDO1 inhibitors increasingly widespread attention as promising drugs.This paper reviews the biological activity and development of IDO1 inhibitors.