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   复旦学报(医学版)  2022, Vol. 49 Issue (1): 149-155      DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2022.01.022
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乳腺癌术后三苯氧胺治疗对子宫内膜病变的影响及其诊疗进展
邵书铱1,2  (综述), 张英1,2  (审校)     
1. 复旦大学附属妇产科医院妇科 上海 200011;
2. 上海市女性生殖内分泌相关疾病重点实验室 上海 200011
摘要:三苯氧胺(tamoxifen,TAM)是一种选择性雌激素受体调节剂,广泛用于乳腺癌术后的内分泌治疗。TAM在乳腺癌组织中表现为雌激素受体拮抗作用,抑制癌细胞生长。在子宫内膜,TAM产生弱雌激素样效应,长期使用可引起子宫内膜息肉、子宫内膜增生、子宫内膜浸润性癌及子宫肉瘤等。乳腺癌术后TAM治疗的患者发生子宫内膜病变的高危因素有遗传因素、绝经后、肥胖、糖尿病、高血压、无孕激素拮抗的雌激素使用史等。因此,乳腺癌术后进行TAM治疗的患者需密切随访内膜情况。超声检查方便、无创,对内膜的监测意义重大,但假阳性率较高。诊断性刮宫和宫腔镜检查获取子宫内膜病理是诊断子宫内膜病变的金标准。目前,TAM治疗相关子宫内膜病变的超声下内膜厚度界值尚不明确,对于接受诊断性刮宫或宫腔镜检查的适应证也尚无定论。本文综述了乳腺癌术后TAM治疗对子宫内膜的影响,并总结TAM治疗相关子宫内膜病变的诊疗进展。
关键词三苯氧胺(TAM)    子宫内膜增厚    子宫内膜癌    乳腺癌术后    
Effects of tamoxifen on the endometrium and progress in its diagnosis and treatment of postoperative breast cancer
SHAO Shu-yi1,2 , ZHANG Ying1,2     
1. Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China;
2. The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China
Abstract: Tamoxifen (TAM) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator, which is widely used in endocrine therapy of postoperative breast cancer.TAM inhibits the growth of breast cancer by competitive antagonism at the estrogen receptor level.TAM has partial agonist on the uterus, which promote benign and malignant uterine pathology, such as endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial polyps, endometrial invasive cancer, and uterine sarcomas.High-risk factors for endometrial disease in patients treated with TAM include genetic factors, postmenopausal, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and receiving unopposed estrogen.Hence, routine endometrial surveillance is important for these patients.Ultrasonography is significant for endometrial thickness monitoring despite its high false positive rate.Endometrial biopsy is the golden standard for diagnosis.However, the current endometrial thickness threshold for the TAM-related endometrial lesions is not clear, and there is no unified opinion on the indications for hysteroscopy or diagnostic curettage.Therefore, we reviewed the effects of TAM on the endometrium and summarized its progress in diagnosis and treatment of postoperative breast cancer.
Key words: tamoxifen (TAM)    endometrial proliferation    endometrial cancer    postoperative breast cancer    

乳腺癌是全球女性发病率最高的恶性肿瘤,严重威胁女性健康。近年来,乳腺癌发病率呈明显上升趋势。中国女性乳腺癌发病率高达36.1/10万[1],占女性恶性肿瘤的15%[2]。术后内分泌治疗是乳腺癌重要的辅助治疗手段[3]。2017中国抗癌协会乳腺癌诊治指南与规范指出:乳腺癌术后内分泌治疗指征为雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)和/或孕激素受体阳性的乳腺癌患者[4]

乳腺癌内分泌治疗的常用药物包括选择性雌激素受体调节剂(selective estrogen receptor modulators,SERMs)和芳香化酶抑制剂类(aromatase inhibitors,AIs)。SERMs类药物三苯氧胺(tamoxifen,TAM)结构类似雌激素,能与乳腺癌细胞表面ER结合,形成稳定复合物并转运入核内,阻止染色体基因开放,抑制癌细胞生长。TAM对子宫内膜具有弱雌激素效应,长期使用可引起内膜息肉、内膜增生、内膜浸润性癌及子宫肉瘤等[5]。乳腺癌术后接受TAM治疗的患者发生子宫内膜病变的高危因素有遗传因素、绝经后、肥胖、糖尿病、高血压、无孕激素拮抗的雌激素使用史等。因此,建议密切随访接受TAM治疗的乳腺癌患者内膜情况。

经阴道超声检查方便、无创,常用于监测子宫内膜厚度。宫腔镜检查、诊断性刮宫获取子宫内膜病理是诊断子宫内膜病变的金标准,但是该操作有创,患者依从性较差。TAM治疗相关子宫内膜病变的超声下内膜厚度界值尚不明确,接受宫腔镜检查或诊断性刮宫的适应证也尚无定论。本文拟综述乳腺癌术后TAM治疗对子宫内膜病变的影响,及TAM治疗相关子宫内膜病变的诊疗进展。

TAM导致子宫内膜病变的相关机制  TAM广泛应用于乳腺癌术后的内分泌治疗。在乳腺组织,TAM通过与体内的雌激素竞争ER,从而阻断雌激素发挥作用,进而抑制ER的再合成。但TAM与ER结合能激活TBP相关因子1,从而在抗雌激素的同时产生弱雌激素效应。

TAM对子宫内膜具有弱雌激素作用,不呈拮抗作用[6]。类固醇受体辅助活化因子-1在此过程中起决定作用[7]。TAM产生类似高雌激素状态的细胞核过度表达以及β-连环蛋白突变[8],进一步说明TAM的部分致癌作用是介导ER产生的。此外,TAM还能通过丝裂原活化蛋白激酶通路、原癌基因c-myc和胰岛素样生长因子1通路促进细胞增殖和生长[9-10],通过细胞外信号调节激酶1/2、非受体酪氨酸激酶和黏着斑激酶信号通路激活丝状肌动蛋白细胞骨架改变,增强细胞的迁移[11]

TAM激动G蛋白耦联受体30参与雌激素的快速非基因组效应,扩大对子宫内膜的雌激素作用[7]。TAM相关的子宫内膜癌具有I型和II型子宫内膜癌重叠的生物学特性[12]。而仅I型子宫内膜癌与雌激素相关,说明TAM相关子宫内膜病变还包括其他致病机制,如诱导DNA损伤、影响散发型子宫内膜癌驱动基因、激活UPR-mTOR信号通路等[10, 13]

TAM对子宫内膜的影响  18%~33%的乳腺癌患者接受TAM治疗可发生子宫内膜异常,如腺体扩张、间质凝聚、被覆上皮萎缩、内膜厚度增加[5]。其病理类型主要表现为萎缩性、囊性、多血管化、子宫内膜息肉和可疑恶性[14]。其中,子宫肉瘤占比较高[15-16]。TAM治疗相关的子宫内膜病变具有时间和剂量依赖性。内膜厚度及内膜癌变风险与TAM治疗时间呈正相关[17-24]。服用TAM后,子宫内膜以每年0.75 mm的速度增长[25],第5年可达12 mm(6~21 mm)。停药后,子宫内膜以每年1.27 mm的速度变薄[25]。TAM治疗相关的子宫内膜癌最早可在治疗后的2年内发生病变[26],其风险在5年后显著增加[27]。Gultekin等[20]认为,绝经前患者TAM治疗超过18个月(灵敏度62.5%,特异度71.9%),绝经后患者超过32个月(灵敏度58.3%,特异度100%)具有内膜病变的高风险。一项纳入19例乳腺癌患者的研究[28],仅在TAM累积剂量超过35 g的妇女中发现了子宫内膜癌,且TAM高剂量组(40 mg/d)的内膜病变恶性程度比常规剂量组(20 mg/d)更高[29]

高危因素

遗传因素  乳腺癌和子宫内膜癌具有遗传相关性,包括乳腺癌易感基因(breast cancer susceptibility gene,BRCA)、错配修复基因(mismatch repair,MMR)、人类第十号染色体缺失与磷酸酶和张力蛋白同源基因(gene of phosphate and tension homology deleted on chromosome ten,PTEN)、雌激素受体β基因多态性、线粒体转录因子等。

BRCA编码的蛋白调节雌激素合成,诱导ER表达,影响雌激素作用的器官,如乳腺、子宫等。多数遗传性乳腺癌患者具有BRCA突变。BRCA对子宫内膜癌的早期诊断和预后评估也具有提示作用。研究报道,BRCA1基因的表达率在正常内膜组织、非典型增生的内膜组织以及内膜癌组织中逐渐升高,并与内膜病变的分期、组织分化、淋巴结转移也具有相关性[30-31]

MMR突变与乳腺癌及内膜癌均相关。一项随访中位时间长达5年的研究[33]报道,MMR突变携带者患子宫内膜癌标准化发病比(standardized incidence ratio,SIR)为30.62(95%CI:11.24~66.64,P≤0.001),乳腺癌SIR为3.95(95%CI:1.59~8.13,P=0.001),风险均有升高。

PTEN是子宫内膜癌中突变率最高的抑癌基因,它的表达量随内膜病变的恶性程度升高而降低[6]。同样,乳腺癌中PTEN的表达量和乳腺癌分期及死亡率之间也呈负相关,浸润性导管肿瘤中PTEN的表达明显低于非浸润性肿瘤[40]

绝经  接受TAM治疗的绝经后患者子宫内膜癌风险显著增高[41]。目前认为,50岁以上妇女TAM治疗相关子宫内膜癌的风险显著增加(OR=3.32;95%CI:1.95~5.67;P < 0.000 1)[42]。60岁以上妇女的风险是不足60岁妇女的6.60倍[43]。绝经时间每增加1年,3年内继发子宫内膜癌的概率增加42.90%[41]。因此,2015年中国乳腺癌内分泌治疗专家共识建议绝经后患者使用AIs替代TAM继续完成内分泌治疗[44]

子宫内膜病变史  约29.6%的ER阳性乳腺癌患者在TAM治疗前合并子宫内膜息肉,显著增加治疗期间内膜病变风险[43, 45]。子宫内膜病变史是使用TAM的患者发生子宫内膜病变的高危因素,在TAM治疗前有必要对患者进行子宫内膜评估[46]。高危患者应适当增加TAM治疗期间的随访频率。

其他  其他高危因素还包括肥胖(BMI≥30 kg/m2[13, 17, 46-47]、无孕激素拮抗的激素使用史[13]、糖尿病和高血压等。

监测方法

临床症状  异常子宫出血及绝经后出血与TAM相关子宫内膜非典型增生相关[44]。异常子宫出血包括经期延长、经量增多、月经周期缩短、月经间期出血、阴道淋漓出血、阴道血性分泌物、点滴样出血或血性白带等。因此,在TAM治疗期间,出现持续或反复阴道流血的患者,无论内膜厚薄、绝经前后都应该做宫腔镜检查及内膜活检。

癌抗原125(CA125)  CA125与TAM治疗相关子宫内膜癌的组织分化和病理分期相关,可评估疗效和预后[30-31]。CA125常和超声检查结合,作为内膜病变的重要随访指标。

子宫内膜厚度  使用TAM内分泌治疗的乳腺癌患者,常用超声筛查子宫内膜厚度,当内膜较厚时行宫腔镜检查,必要时子宫内膜活检。

目前诊断TAM治疗相关子宫内膜病变的超声下内膜厚度界值尚不明确,对于接受宫腔镜检查或诊断性刮宫的适应证也尚无定论。此外,TAM弱雌激素样作用常导致子宫内膜上皮下间质增生、水肿[48],超声下表现为子宫内膜回声增强、不同程度增厚,增厚的内膜回声均匀或见斑点状、点状低回声或无回声[49],增加了超声监测的假阳性率,增加了不必要的侵入性检查。

2014年美国妇产科医师学会指出,绝经前患者乳腺癌术后使用TAM与安慰剂相比,子宫内膜癌发病风险无差异,故绝经前使用TAM较为安全[50]。但既往研究样本量小,内膜癌发病率低,因此,绝经前患者TAM相关内膜癌的风险可能被低估了。韩国一项全国性回顾性队列研究共纳入60 545名乳腺癌幸存者,绝经前患者发生TAM相关内膜癌的风险显著增加:40岁以下患者子宫内膜癌的年发病率达1.61‰,40~49岁患者子宫内膜癌的年发病率达2.22‰[51]。目前尚无指南建议对接受TAM治疗的绝经前妇女进行子宫内膜癌评估,绝经前女性子宫内膜增厚的临界值尚无明确定论(表 1)。有研究提出,绝经前患者在内膜厚度≥15 mm或≥10 mm伴有高危因素时应行进一步处理[52]。以10 mm为临界值时,超声的灵敏度达100%,特异度为28.72%;而以内膜厚度15 mm作为临界值,与10 mm相比,灵敏度稍降低,但阳性预测值明显升高,诊断效率更优,能筛查出大多数子宫内膜增生性病变的患者。

表 1 TAM治疗的乳腺癌患者不同内膜厚度临界值所对应的诊断灵敏度及特异度 Tab 1 The endometrial thickness threshold and its sensitivity and specificity for breast cancer patients treated with TAM
Patients of different period Endometrial thickness(mm) Sensitivity(%) Specificity(%) Reference
Premenopause 20 50.0 90.4 [52]
15 75.0 68.1 [52]
12.5 87.5 81.2 [20]
10 100.0 28.7 [52]
Postmenopause 15 37.9 87.2 [21]
12 74.7 87.5 [54]
10 81.3 75.9 [54]
8 84.8 62.7 [54]
7.75 91.7 42.9 [20]
6 92.1 55.2 [54]
5 98.9 8.6 [21]

绝经后女性,无绝经后出血症状,内膜厚度 < 5 mm者,恶变风险小[53]。无绝经后出血症状,内膜厚度≥5 mm者,应密切随访或行宫腔镜检查+诊断性刮宫。有研究报道,内膜厚度不足5 mm的16例患者中,93.75%的患者表现为萎缩性内膜,仅1例表现为息肉,无子宫内膜癌病例[21]。其他研究以6 mm[54]、9 mm[46]、15 mm[21]等作为临界值,均表现出了不同的诊断价值(表 1)。

在超声的基础上增加超声弹性成像技术将有助于提高诊断准确性[20, 55]。超声弹性成像技术能在常规超声基础上获得组织弹性信息,对鉴别常规超声下5 mm以上的子宫内膜的良恶性具有重要意义[56-57]。对接受TAM治疗的患者,弹性成像技术有助于减少不必要的侵入性诊断检查,有望成为TAM治疗期间子宫内膜评估的新手段。

子宫内膜病理  子宫内膜病理是诊断子宫内膜病变的金标准。诊断性刮宫是获取子宫内膜病理的必要方法,但其有创,患者痛苦较大,不适宜作为常规随访手段。子宫诊断性刮宫有约10%的假阴性,所以仍不能完全排除内膜恶性病变[44]

宫腔镜检查是一种新型的微创检查手段,诊断准确率高,创伤小,痛苦少,患者依从性好。宫腔镜检查可直接观察宫内及颈管内病灶的形态、位置和范围,可对可疑病灶进行直视下定位活检或切除[44],诊断灵敏度达100%,特异度达98.1%[58]。最新研究[59]提出,宫腔镜下非典型血管对TAM相关恶性肿瘤的诊断具有重要意义,有利于早期发现和诊断子宫内膜病变。

治疗进展

子宫内膜息肉  TAM会增加绝经前和绝经后患者子宫内膜息肉形成的风险[45]。据报道,在接受TAM治疗的绝经后妇女中,2%~36%会发生内膜息肉[47, 60]。这些息肉往往具有多发、较大(2 cm),伴有分子改变,恶变率较高(3%)的特点[61-63]。因此,2021年乳腺癌内分泌辅助治疗相关子宫内膜病变管理指南建议,患者用药前应先筛查,一旦发现内膜息肉,应先予以切除。用药过程中定期筛查,发现内膜息肉建议及时处理[64]

子宫内膜增生不伴不典型增生  绝经前患者子宫内膜不伴不典型增生,一般联合使用促性腺激素释放激素类似物(GnRH-a)和AIs。GnRH-a可以降低雌激素水平,缓解子宫内膜病理改变。绝经后患者可用AIs或新型选择性雌激素受体调节剂替代TAM[65]

虽然孕激素可以拮抗雌激素,降低子宫内膜癌的风险,但是乳腺癌患者TAM治疗过程中孕激素对乳腺癌病程及子宫内膜的影响尚不明确。因此,暂不推荐使用孕激素[66]。左炔诺孕酮宫内缓释系统(levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system,LNG-IUS)能在子宫内膜局部释放孕激素,降低内膜息肉的发病率[67-70],对全身影响甚微。近期,一项纳入543例患者的Meta分析[71]报道,LNG-IUS可降低2~5年内TAM相关子宫内膜息肉和内膜增生的风险。但LNG-IUS是否能预防子宫内膜癌,是否引起乳腺癌复发仍有争议[50, 72]。有研究在使用LNG-IUS的患者体内检测到低水平的孕激素,并发现使用LNG-IUS与乳腺小叶性乳腺癌、乳腺导管乳腺癌相关[73]。因此,需要更大规模的研究来评估LNG-IUS是否影响乳腺癌复发和预后。

子宫内膜不典型增生和子宫内膜癌  当子宫内膜出现可疑恶性病变时,应及时手术。对无生育要求的患者,腹腔镜子宫+双侧附件切除术为标准术式。对强烈要求保留生育功能且符合指征的患者,可选择GnRH-a等药物治疗,并严密随访[64]。对于TAM治疗相关子宫内膜癌,不推荐保留生育功能和保留卵巢,治疗原则参考普通子宫内膜癌[64]

结语 TAM常用于早期乳腺癌患者的内分泌治疗。该药物对子宫内膜有弱雌激素作用,增加患者发生内膜病变的风险。在接受药物治疗前,应充分告知患者子宫内膜增生、不典型增生甚至癌变的风险,并根据患者情况进行风险评估,给予相应的随访方案。患者在用药过程中出现异常子宫出血,或随访过程中内膜厚度高于临界值,应建议行宫腔镜检查或诊断性刮宫术,以明确内膜病变,并根据内膜情况进行相应的处理。

作者贡献声明  邵书铱  论文撰写和修订,制表。张英  论文构思和撰写。

利益冲突声明  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

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文章信息

邵书铱, 张英
SHAO Shu-yi, ZHANG Ying
乳腺癌术后三苯氧胺治疗对子宫内膜病变的影响及其诊疗进展
Effects of tamoxifen on the endometrium and progress in its diagnosis and treatment of postoperative breast cancer
复旦学报医学版, 2022, 49(1): 149-155.
Fudan University Journal of Medical Sciences, 2022, 49(1): 149-155.
Corresponding author
ZHANG Ying, E-mail: 13818218839@163.com.

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