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   复旦学报(医学版)  2022, Vol. 49 Issue (1): 10-15, 31      DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2022.01.002
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超声造影在甲状腺结节微波消融前后的应用价值
施帅楠1,2 , 刘凌晓2,3 , 左丹1,2 , 张琪1,2 , 邱艺杰1,2 , 董怡1,2 , 王文平1,2     
1. 复旦大学附属中山医院超声科,上海 200032;
2. 上海市影像医学研究所 上海 200032;
3. 复旦大学附属中山医院介入治疗科 上海 200032
摘要目的 探讨超声造影(contrast enhanced ultrasound,CEUS)在甲状腺结节微波消融(microwave ablation,MWA)治疗前后的临床应用价值。方法 本研究前瞻性纳入了2016年6月至2020年8月于复旦大学附属中山医院接受超声引导下MWA的患者。消融术前及术后1天、1、3、6个月行CEUS。观察并对比甲状腺结节在MWA治疗前后内部微循环血流灌注及体积的变化。结果 本研究共纳入94例患者,所有病灶都经术中超声引导下粗针穿刺活检及病理诊断证实,最终病理诊断包括甲状腺滤泡性腺瘤(thyroid follicular adenoma,FA)(n=70)和甲状腺微小乳头状癌(papillary thyroid microcarcinoma,PTMC)(n=24)。术前CEUS显示,FA在CEUS动脉期多表现为高增强(37.14%)或等增强(34.29%),静脉期及延迟期等增强;而PTMC(70.83%)多表现为典型的动脉期低增强,静脉期及延迟期低增强。CEUS动脉期,36例(51.43%)FA病灶周边出现显著的环状高增强,厚度约为(1.56±0.65)mm。33例(47.14%)FA在CEUS时内部出现始终不增强区。消融后1天CEUS显示90例(95.74%)甲状腺结节内无明显血流灌注。MWA术后6个月随访发现,与术前相比,FA及PTMC的体积均出现明显缩小(P < 0.05),体积缩小率(volume reduction rate,VRR)分别为67.25%及40.45%。结论 CEUS有助于MWA术前精准诊断甲状腺结节良恶性,确定合理的消融范围,并能在术后无创、敏感地评估消融疗效。
关键词超声造影(CEUS)    甲状腺滤泡性腺瘤(FA)    甲状腺微小乳头状癌(PTMC)    微波消融(MWA)    
Application of contrast enhanced ultrasound in microwave ablation of thyroid nodules
SHI Shuai-nan1,2 , LIU Ling-xiao2,3 , ZUO Dan1,2 , ZHANG Qi1,2 , QIU Yi-jie1,2 , DONG Yi1,2 , WANG Wen-ping1,2     
1. Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
2. Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai 200032, China;
3. Department of Interventional Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the clinical value of contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) before and after microwave ablation (MWA) of thyroid nodules. Methods In this prospective study, patients with thyroid nodules who planned to underwent ultrasound-guided MWA were included in Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University from Jun 2016 to Aug 2020.CEUS was performed before and after MWA (1 day, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months).The changes of microvascular perfusion and volume of thyroid nodules were observed and compared. Results Finally, a total of 94 patients were included, all lesions were confirmed by intraoperative ultrasound guided core needle biopsy and histopathological results.Final diagnosis included thyroid follicular adenoma (FA) (n=70) and papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) (n=24). Preoperative CEUS showed that most FA were hyperenhanced (37.14%) or isoenhanced (34.29%) during arterial phase of CEUS, while isoenhanced in venous phase and late phase.Meanwhile, most of PTMC (70.83%) showed typical hypoenhancement during arterial, venous and late phase of CEUS.Hyperenhanced rim around the lesions in the arterial phase of CEUS could be detected in 36 cases (51.43 %) of FA with an average thickness about (1.56±0.65) mm.Nonenhanced cystic areas could be detected in 33 cases (47.14%) of FA on CEUS.One day after ablation, CEUS showed no significant enhancement in 90 thyroid nodules (95.74%).Compared with preoperation, the volume of FA and PTMC was significantly reduced (both P < 0.05), and the volume reduction rate (VRR) was 67.25% and 40.45%, respectively. Conclusion Before MWA, CEUS is helpful to make accurate diagnosis of thyroid nodules and to determine the reasonable ablation area. After MWA, CEUS is useful to evaluate the therapeutic effect noninvasively and sensitively.
Key words: contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS)    thyroid follicular adenoma (FA)    papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC)    microwave ablation (MWA)    

近年来,随着医学影像技术的不断发展,甲状腺结节的发病率及检出率逐年增加[1]。据报道,常规超声检查中甲状腺结节的检出率约为20%~76%[2]。甲状腺结节传统治疗方式包括手术切除、放射性核素治疗或定期随访监测。手术切除创伤较大,可能存在如声音嘶哑、呼吸困难及切口感染等并发症的风险[3]。放射性核素治疗存在电离辐射,不适合孕妇、儿童及有生育要求者。对于 < 2 cm的甲状腺良性结节及 < 5 mm的可疑甲状腺恶性结节建议定期随访,然而定期随访可能带来患者心理负担的加重[4]

超声引导下微波消融(microwave ablation,MWA)技术凭借其微创、美观、操作简便、安全有效、并发症少等优势[5],近年来在甲状腺结节治疗中得到了日益广泛的应用。甲状腺结节的术前诊断及微波消融后的疗效评估目前大多数基于常规超声。然而,其敏感性和特异性不容易受血液和组织之间低对比度差异的影响,彩色多普勒不够敏感,不足以检测缓慢、低速血流[6]。若甲状腺结节出血或消融不完全或消融后随访期间结节再生,仅凭常规超声难以明确诊断。如何在甲状腺结节消融前后精准地诊断、及时敏感地评估疗效,是近年来的研究热点。

超声造影(contrast enhanced ultrasound,CEUS)通过外周静脉注射超声造影剂,能敏感、特异地显示组织内的微循环血流灌注[6],精确定义MWA诱导的坏死区的大小和边缘。本文旨在探讨CEUS在甲状腺结节MWA治疗前后的应用价值。

资料和方法

研究对象   本研究前瞻性收集了自2016年1月至2020年8月于复旦大学附属中山医院行甲状腺MWA治疗的患者。纳入标准:(1)常规超声(conventional ultrasound,US)发现的甲状腺结节;(2)通过影像学检查,诊断为甲状腺滤泡性腺瘤(thyroid follicular adenoma,FA)的结节,直径≥2 cm,出现压迫症状或影响美观;(3)通过影像学检查,诊断为FA,结节直径 < 2 cm,在充分知情情况下患者要求行MWA;(4)通过影像学检查,诊断为甲状腺微小乳头状癌(papillary thyroid microcarcinoma,PTMC),结节直径 < 10 mm,距离甲状腺包膜 > 2 mm,且不存在颈部淋巴结转移者。排除标准:(1)患者存在严重心肺疾患;(2)患者因凝血功能障碍引起严重出血倾向;(3)拟诊为多灶性甲状腺恶性结节;(4)患者无法配合CEUS检查或MWA治疗[7-10]

研究期间共计159例甲状腺结节患者行MWA。其中,剔除因主观或客观原因,MWA术后行外科手术致随访中断(n=12)或随访时间 < 6个月(n=53)的患者。本研究最终纳入94例甲状腺结节患者,所有患者在MWA术前被详细告知了手术过程和可能的并发症并签署了知情同意。研究获得复旦大学附属中山医院伦理委员会批准(编号:B2020-425)。

MWA治疗前超声检查   所有患者MWA术前及术后均采用Acuson Sequoia 512或Acuson Oxana2彩色多普勒超声诊断仪(德国SIEMENS公司)行超声检查,采用10L4(4~10 MHz)或9L4(4~9 MHz)浅表探头。先在常规灰阶超声条件下观察甲状腺结节的部位、数目、大小、回声、边界、形态、纵横比及内部是否存在钙化,结节距甲状腺包膜的距离,颈部是否有可疑淋巴结肿大等,随后用彩色多普勒超声观察病灶内部及周边彩色血流。切换至CEUS状态下,经肘正中静脉团注入超声造影剂声诺维(SonoVue,意大利Bracco公司)2.0 mL后快速注射5 mL生理盐水。自注入起开始计时,观察病灶动脉期、静脉期及延迟期与周围甲状腺实质相比的增强强度(高增强、等增强或低增强)与增强方式(均匀增强、不均匀增强或环状增强),内部是否存在囊变区或出血坏死区,周边是否存在高增强的动脉环。

MWA治疗  在US引导下选取对甲状腺结节进行MWA治疗的合适的切面及进针点,于甲状腺结节周围注入足量隔离液后,对甲状腺结节实性成分行粗针穿刺活检。获知甲状腺结节的病理结果后,选用MTC-3C微波消融仪(上海维京医疗公司),微波针型号为MTV-3CAII37。将微波穿刺针置于结节皮下,输出功率调至30~40 W,对于甲状腺结节行扇形多层面多位置多点热凝,消融10~20 min停止。将以环状增强为主的FA周围动脉环完全消融,而将病理结果为PTMC的消融范围扩大为至少结节周围5 mm[11]。US见甲状腺结节完全被气体样强回声所覆盖后拔出穿刺针结束手术。

MWA治疗后超声检查   MWA治疗后第1天及1、3和6个月,对消融区进行US及CEUS随访检查,观察消融区内是否存在血流灌注、测量消融区直径及体积。如果CEUS时未观察到MWA治疗后甲状腺结节增强,表现为完全无血供状态,则视为消融完全。采用仪器自带的体积测量功能,对比消融前后结节体积的变化。甲状腺结节的体积缩小率(volume reduction rate,VRR)使用以下公式评估:VRR =(初始结节体积-最终结节体积)/初始结节体积。初始结节体积定义为MWA治疗术后第1天在CEUS延迟期测量的肿瘤体积,最终结节体积定义为MWA术后定期随访时在CEUS延迟期测量的不增强的消融区体积[11]

统计学方法    所有图像均经2名具有超过10年超声诊断经验的医师共同判断,采用SPSS 20.0统计软件,连续性变量以x±s表示,分类变量采用百分比表示,MWA前后数据间的比较选择配对t检验(正态分布)或Wilcoxon秩和检验(非正态分布)。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果

患者的临床特征   本研究共纳入94例行甲状腺MWA治疗患者,其中女性患者79例,男性患者15例;平均年龄为(46.07±14.78)岁。最终经消融术前粗针穿刺及病理证实,70例为FA,24例为PTMC。

MWA前甲状腺结节US表现   FA在US图像上表现为囊实性团块(n=23)或低回声实质性团块(n=47),边界清晰,形态规则,病灶平均大小为(28.02±11.86)mm,其中39例病灶位于甲状腺右叶,31例病灶位于左叶。彩色多普勒探及周围不连续的环状彩色血流者36例,内部及周边短线状彩色血流者50例。

PTMC均表现为低回声实质性团块(n=24),边界均不清或欠清,形态不规则,50%的结节纵横比 > 1。病灶平均大小为(7.38±2.93)mm;其中12例病灶位于甲状腺右叶,12例病灶位于左叶;内部见点状强回声者12例。彩色多普勒探及病灶内部及周围短线状彩色血流者17例。

MWA治疗前甲状腺结节CEUS表现  26例(37.14%)FA表现为典型的CEUS动脉期整体均匀高增强,静脉期及延迟期等增强;24例(34.29%)PTMC表现为与甲状腺实质同步增强同步减退呈等增强。17例(70.83%)PTMC则表现为典型的CEUS动脉期、静脉期及延迟期始终呈低增强(图 1)。36例(51.43%)FA在CEUS动脉期病灶周边出现完整的环状高增强,增强平均厚度约为(1.56±0.65)mm(图 2),且相较于US,CEUS显示FA体积差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。US仅显示23例病灶内部存在无回声区,而CEUS显示33例(47.14%)FA存在内部不增强的无回声区。

US showed a 3 mm×4 mm hypoechoic nodule at the left lobe, with unclear boundary, irregular shape, aspect ratio > 1, and faint punctate strong echo (A). After injection of contrast agent, this nodule showed hypoenhancement during arterial phase (B), venous phase (C) and delayed phase (D). One day after MWA treatment, a 23 mm×14 mm hypoechoic nodule (E) was detected, and showed no enhancement during all phases of CEUS, which means complete ablation (F). 图 1 甲状腺乳头状癌微波消融前后常规超声及超声造影表现 Fig 1 Conventional ultrasound and contrast enhanced ultrasound features of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma before and after microwave ablation treatment
In the left lobe, there was a 38 mm×23 mm thyroid nodule, with well-defined margin and regular shape (A). Peripheral ring-like and intralesional short-linear blood flow signals could be detected on color Doppler images (CDI) (B). On CEUS, this lesion showed continuous and heterogeneous hyperenhancement with 1.3 mm persisting hyper-enhanced edge (C). One day after MWA treatment, US showed a 38 mm×26 mm hypoechoic nodule(D), and peripheral blood flow signal could be detected on CDI (E). However, on CEUS, this lesion showed no enhancement during all phases, which means arterial ring was completely ablated (F). 图 2 甲状腺腺瘤微波消融前后常规超声及超声造影表现 Fig 2 Conventional ultrasound and contrast enhanced ultrasound features of thyroid follicular adenoma before and after microwave ablation treatment

MWA治疗后甲状腺结节CEUS表现   FA消融后1天结节平均大小为(28.94±10.69)mm,PTMC消融后1天结节平均大小为(17.63±5.66)mm。CEUS显示90例(95.74%)甲状腺结节内无血流灌注,表现为完全无血供。

FA在术后1、3个月随访过程中VRR并不明显,VRR分别为30.21%及41.83%,而PTMC术后1、3个月的VRR分别为-13.51%及-3.17%。MWA治疗后6个月随访发现,FA及PTMC的体积均出现明显缩小(P < 0.05),VRR分别为67.25%及40.45%(图 3)。

One day after MWA treatment, US showed a 30 mm×20 mm nodule at the right lobe (A), with no color blood flow periphery or inside (B). On CEUS, a 34 mm×23 mm unenhanced area was detected (C), which clearly showed the boundary of thyroid nodule after MWA treatment compared with US. Six months after MWA treatment, US showed a 23 mm×15 mm nodule (D), with a little punctate colored blood flow periphery (E). On CEUS, there was no obvious enhancement inside the thyroid nodule, and the volume was significantly smaller (F). 图 3 甲状腺腺瘤在微波消融术后1天及术后6月二维超声及超声造影表现 Fig 3 Conventional ultrasound (US) and contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) features of thyroid follicular adenoma (FA) 1 day and 6 months after microwave ablation (MWA) treatment
讨论

MWA是常用的甲状腺消融技术,原理是利用热对病变组织进行烧蚀破坏,引起甲状腺内血管被热破坏(“血管的热栓塞”),从而使甲状腺结节产生不可逆的凝固性坏死,最终导致病灶体积缩小[12]。从常规灰阶超声的角度而言,甲状腺良恶性结节的超声表现存在不同程度的重叠,术前鉴别良恶性比较困难。我们的研究显示多数甲状腺滤泡性腺瘤(FA)在超声造影动脉期表现为高增强(37.14%)或等增强(34.29%),静脉期及延迟期等增强;而多数(70.83%)甲状腺乳头状癌(PTMC)表现为典型的动脉期低增强,静脉期及延迟期低增强。以往文献报道,CEUS鉴别甲状腺良恶性结节的灵敏度及特异度分别为81%和92%[13]。CEUS凭借其敏感、无创、安全、可重复性高的优势,能精准地显示甲状腺组织内的微循环血流灌注,在甲状腺结节术前精准诊断及鉴别,为后续临床诊疗策略的制定及预估消融范围提供重要的信息。

常规彩色多普勒超声对彩色血流的显示具有角度依赖,无法完整显示良性甲状腺结节病灶周围完整的环状动脉血供,因而无法术前确认病灶真正的边界。本研究中36例甲状腺腺瘤在超声造影动脉期病灶周边出现完整的环状高增强。CEUS可动态观察甲状腺周围动脉环增强的范围及厚度,有效弥补传统超声的不足,术前CEUS有助于精确显示甲状腺结节的边界,可为术前规划消融范围提供重要信息,保障术中消融的完整性。

甲状腺MWA的优点是温度持续升高,消融区域更大且安全,适用于体积较大或囊实性结节的微波治疗[14-15]。但是,一旦碰到囊变或液化区,由于瘤内温度过高可能引起射频针断裂或消融区域不完全引起囊液再次快速渗出。术前敏感精准地判断甲状腺结节内部是否存在液化坏死区及评估其大小,有助于选择合理的消融方式,避免术中并发症的发生。CEUS作为一种真正的血池成像方法,能敏感准确地显示病灶内不增强的坏死区。本研究中,仅有23例病灶在常规超声上可观察到内部有无回声区存在,而行CEUS后,33例(47.14%)甲状腺腺瘤病灶内部可见始终不增强的坏死区。与常规超声相比,术前CEUS更精确、敏感地显示甲状腺结节内部的隐匿性的坏死区,有助于选择合理安全的消融方式。

完全消融是确保甲状腺结节MWA疗效及避免复发的重要因素[16]。在甲状腺结节的MWA术后,精准判断消融结节内部是否存在微小血供,对于评估消融治疗的完整性和成功率至关重要。常规灰阶超声由于对微小血流显示的敏感性较低,往往很难显示消融术后的部分残留[17]。本项研究中90例甲状腺结节术后表现为结节内部在CEUS始终未见明显增强,显示结节内部无微血管灌注,表明病灶完全消融成功。CEUS凭借其无创、可操作性、无辐射等优势,有助于简便、精确显示由MWA引起的凝固性坏死区的大小和边缘。

我们发现,CEUS延迟期对于甲状腺消融术后病灶的边界显示最为清晰准确。对病灶消融前后的体积进行测量并对照随访术后1、3及6个月甲状腺结节的体积变化,结果显示甲状腺结节消融后6个月体积出现明显缩小。术后CEUS通过精确评估微循环血供,能测量病灶真正的“功能学”体积,更精确地评估甲状腺结节MWA治疗的效果。消融术后甲状腺结节微循环血供的变化明显早于体积的变化。

本研究存在一些局限性。首先,这是一项单中心的研究,样本量较小;其次,随访时间相对较短,我们将继续随访这些患者,以获得更多的信息。

CEUS通过在MWA前精确诊断甲状腺结节良恶性、敏感显示结节周边的供血动脉,有助于选择合理的治疗方式,保证结节消融范围的完整性。消融术后采用CEUS评估疗效,通过实时血流灌注评估消融治疗效果,通过短期随访观察结节体积的变化,具有广阔的临床应用前景。

作者贡献声明  施帅楠,刘凌晓  数据收集及整理分析,论文构思与撰写。左丹  数据收集及整理。张琪  图像整理和保存。邱艺杰  图像整理及数据分析。董怡  入组对象的筛选及图像采集,论文指导。王文平  研究方案可行性分析。

利益冲突声明  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

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文章信息

施帅楠, 刘凌晓, 左丹, 张琪, 邱艺杰, 董怡, 王文平
SHI Shuai-nan, LIU Ling-xiao, ZUO Dan, ZHANG Qi, QIU Yi-jie, DONG Yi, WANG Wen-ping
超声造影在甲状腺结节微波消融前后的应用价值
Application of contrast enhanced ultrasound in microwave ablation of thyroid nodules
复旦学报医学版, 2022, 49(1): 10-15, 31.
Fudan University Journal of Medical Sciences, 2022, 49(1): 10-15, 31.
Corresponding author
DONG Yi, E-mail: dong.yi@zs-hospital.sh.cn.
基金项目
国家自然科学基金(82071942);上海市浦江人才计划(D类)(2020PJD008);促进市级医院临床技能与临床创新能力三年行动计划(SHDC2020CR4060)
Foundation item
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82071942), Shanghai Municipal Pujiang Talent Plan (Type D) (2020PJD008) and Three-year Action Plan for Promoting Clinical Skills and Clinical Innovation Ability of Municipal Hospitals (SHDC2020CR4060)

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