N-myc下游调控基因(N-myc downstream regulated gene,NDRG)家族是包括NDRG1~4在内的新的基因家族,NDRG1是NDRG家族的第一个成员,最先被鉴定为由广泛表达的NDRG1基因编码的细胞质蛋白[1-2]。呼吸系统疾病是常见疾病,死亡率高,疾病负担重,已经成为最突出的公共卫生与医疗问题之一,对我国人民健康构成严重威胁。随着大气污染、吸烟、老龄化及病原菌耐药等问题的日益凸显,呼吸系统疾病的防治形势愈发严峻。呼吸系统疾病多存在缺氧或氧化应激,皆是诱导NDRG1表达的重要诱因。在肺中NDRG1主要表达在呼吸道组织的细胞内[3-4],参与多种生理活动和功能调节,包括肿瘤进展以及细胞应激反应,因此NDRG1在疾病发生发展过程中发挥重要作用。
NDRG1的结构 NDRG1最先发现于N-myc敲除的小鼠胚胎中,受N-myc抑制性调控。根据鉴定的细胞及基因功能的差异,该分子具有多种不同的名称,包括分化相关基因1(differentiation-related gene-1,DRG1)还原剂和衣霉素反应蛋白(reducing agent and tunicamycin-responsive protein,RTP)、钙相关蛋白43(Ca2+-associated protein 43,Cap43)和氧调节蛋白(protein regulated by oxygen,PROXY-1),最后被人类基因组组织基因命名委员会(HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee)正式命名为NDRG1[5]。NDRG1定位于染色体8q24.3[6],全长60 085 bp,包含16个外显子和15个内含子,编码2 997 bp的mRNA,其中1 182 bp为可编码区[7]。NDRG1的mRNA被翻译成相对分子质量43 000、由394个氨基酸组成的蛋白质[8]。人类NDRG1蛋白与NDRG其他家族成员的不同之处在于,包含3个十肽串联重复序列,每个十肽串联重复序列都由GTRSHTSE残基组成[9]。此外,NDRG家族其他成员也缺乏C末端的两个残基Ser和Glu[10]。NDRG1的C端结构域在NDRG蛋白质中是独特结构,已证实血清和糖皮质激素诱导激酶1(serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase-1,SGK-1)在Thr328、Ser330、Thr346、Thr356和Thr366处磷酸化NDRG1[11-12],而糖原合成酶激酶3β(glycogen synthase kinase 3β,GSK-3β)在Ser342、Ser352和Ser362处磷酸化NDRG1[13]。SGK1和GSK3β是抑制NDRG1的两种上游激酶,导致NDRG1水平降低[14]。同时,在C末端区域有一个磷酸泛乙烯连接位点(phosphopantetheine attachment site,PPAS)[15],在缺氧条件下,NDRG1的PPAS区域全部或部分缺失可消除核易位,应对细胞DNA损伤的反应表明PPAS可能负责NDRG1的核定位[16]。在NDRG1蛋白质N末端附近发现了另一种独特的结构,即蛋白质N末端附近的螺旋-螺旋(helix-turn-helix,HTH)以及α/β水解酶折叠内的帽状结构域(残基169~235)[15]。目前这些结构的确切功能还不清楚。
NDRG1的分布及表达 通过原位杂交分析,NDRG1在正常人体的大多数器官和系统中均有表达,包括消化道、免疫系统、生殖系统和泌尿系统,其中在肾脏、前列腺和卵巢的表达水平最高[3]。部分组织如大脑、心脏、卵巢、骨骼肌和血管等在mRNA水平表达NDRG1,但在蛋白水平无表达[4]。NDRG1可对多种生物刺激产生反应,包括NO、钙离子水平及缺氧等[2]。虽然NDRG1在人体组织中广泛表达,但似乎具有组织特异性功能。胎盘中发现的NDRG1表达可归结为其在滋养层分化和缺氧诱导损伤保护中的作用[17]。NDRG1的普遍表达表明该分子可能在正常生理中发挥多效性作用。在肺组织中,免疫组织化学显示NDRG1蛋白主要在皮脂腺、外分泌腺及呼吸道肺支气管腺体表达,而在血管内皮细胞、平滑肌细胞未检测到[3]。检索the Human Protein Atlas数据库(https://www.proteinatlas.org/)同样表明,NDRG1在呼吸道上皮中呈高表达,在肺泡细胞及巨噬细胞中呈中度表达,而在肺血管中未检测到。
NDRG1与感染性疾病 烟曲霉(A. fumigatus)是一种常见真菌,当人体免疫功能受损时,就会发生严重的侵袭性曲霉病感染,烟曲霉分生孢子与Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞的相互作用在疾病进展中起重要作用[18]。Zhang等[19]用体外细胞模型比较了Ⅱ型肺上皮细胞在有无烟曲霉刺激下的蛋白质组学,表明烟曲霉感染后NDRG1表达上调,NDRG1敲除后烟曲霉的内化效率显著降低。这些结果表明烟曲霉促进NDRG1表达,影响肺上皮细胞代谢。
对A549细胞感染不同宿主来源的A型流感病毒(包括人源性季节性流感A病毒H3N2、猪源性流感A病毒H1N1及禽源性流感A病毒H3N2)进行mRNA表达谱分析,并用RT-qPCR验证,发现NDRG1具有差异表达[20]。A549细胞感染H5N1病毒后发现,病毒蛋白可上调NDRG1表达,NDRG1过表达释放出约4倍的病毒粒子,而NDRG1敲除导致病毒表达下降。进一步研究表明,NDRG1下调IκB激酶β(inhibitor kappa B kinase β,IKKβ)诱导的干扰素β(interferon β,IFN-β)和IL-8,提示NDRG1下调核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB),进一步抑制固有免疫,促进了A型流感病毒复制[21]。
与上述研究结果相反,猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV)感染会下调NDRG1表达,NDRG1缺乏可减少细胞内脂滴数量,并促进自噬,增加水解游离脂肪酸的产量,从而促进病毒RNA复制和子代病毒组装。因此,NDRG1和脂质吞噬对于了解PRRSV的发病机制和开发新的治疗方法具有重要意义[22]。EB病毒(Epstein-Barr virus,EBV)可编码自己的microRNAs,然而其生物学作用仍不详,通过对病毒miRNA阳性和阴性的差异表达基因进行筛选,发现多种EBV编码的miRNA协同下调NDRG1,同时免疫组化分析显示EBV阳性鼻咽癌组织中NDRG1表达水平明显下调,NDRG1在其中发挥的作用有助于进一步阐明EBV介导的上皮癌变机制[23]。
脓毒症相关性器官损伤在脓毒症患者中有较高的发病率和死亡率,吸入2%氢气可有效改善脓毒症及相关器官损伤[24]。Jiang等[25]采用液相色谱-串联质谱分析研究氢气治疗脓毒症的相关蛋白质组学,发现氢气通过下调NDRG1及其他基因的表达减轻脓毒症小鼠的肠道损伤,但具体机制有待进一步研究。
NDRG1与慢性气道炎性疾病 慢性鼻-鼻窦炎是一种常见的上呼吸道疾病,尽管对其发病机制知之甚少,但越来越多的证据表明上皮物理屏障缺陷起着重要作用,而鼻上皮屏障功能受多种内外因素的调控,可由吸入性过敏原、微生物或病毒感染、细胞因子、缺氧或缺锌等原因引起[26]。利用Affimetrix人类全基因组基因芯片进行微阵列分析,鉴定出NDRG1在上皮细胞屏障发育过程中被诱导表达,慢性鼻-鼻窦炎患者鼻组织纤毛上皮细胞中NDRG1高表达,杯状细胞或受损上皮细胞中NDRG1低表达;NDRG1敲除通过降低连接蛋白claudin-9的表达,破坏气道上皮细胞的紧密连接,提示NDRG1对气道上皮细胞屏障的完整性起重要作用[27]。
NDRG1与肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征 危重患者对呼吸机诱导的肺损伤的敏感性不同,表明基因-环境相互作用可能促进个体的易感性。对小鼠进行大潮气量通气后肺泡毛细血管通透性的测定,发现NDRG1上调,但具体作用及机制尚不清楚[28]。脂毒素A4(lipoxina4,LXA4)通过促进肺上皮细胞上皮钠通道(epithelial sodium channel,ENaC)的表达,减轻脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导的急性肺损伤和急性呼吸窘迫综合征[29]。Zhang等[30]将A549细胞与LPS和LXA4共同孵育,对A549细胞进行转录组测序,发现NDRG1在LXA4中呈剂量依赖性升高,NDRG1敲除抑制LPS处理的A549细胞活力,而磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase,PI3K)抑制剂LY294002可抑制NDRG1和ENaC-α的表达以及SGK 1的磷酸化,提示NDRG1通过介导PI3K信号通路恢复ENaC的表达,从而在LPS诱导的A549细胞损伤中发挥保护作用。
缺氧诱导信号通路参与高原环境适应性调节等多种病理过程,NDRG1具有较强的缺氧应激反应功能[31],可能在缺氧相关疾病中发挥重要作用。Grigoryev等[32]将C57BL/6J小鼠置于缺氧室中10 h,通过与常氧对照组差异基因筛选发现NDRG1在缺氧小鼠中表达上调,提示NDRG1在小鼠低氧过程中可能具有一定功能。NDRG1在缺氧的原代人类滋养层中表达增加,NDRG1基因敲除的胚胎生长受限,随着缺氧暴露,NDRG1缺乏导致载脂蛋白A2、A4、A5、C2和C4表达减少,表明NDRG1通过调节脂蛋白代谢参与缺氧损伤[33]。
NDRG1与肺部肿瘤 NDRG1是一种已知的多发性肿瘤转移抑制因子,其在恶性肿瘤中的作用尚未完全阐明。既往研究发现NDRG在多种恶性肿瘤中呈高表达,促进肿瘤进展(包括肺癌)。Wang等[34]发现,肺癌患者血清NDRG1水平明显高于健康对照组。在肺组织中,与癌旁正常组织相比,肺癌组织中NDRG1表达明显增加[34-37],肺腺癌的NDRG1水平明显高于肺鳞癌[34],且NDRG1基因表达水平不随端粒状态改变[38]。预后分析显示NDRG1高表达预后差,提示NDRG1是非小细胞肺癌预后不良的预测指标[36, 39]。
缺氧诱导信号通路参与肿瘤发生的多种病理过程。虽然NDRG1对缺氧的反应研究较多,但是对于NDRG1的具体调控机制研究较少。Wang等[40]研究发现,低氧诱导因子1α(hypoxia inducible factor-1α,HIF-1α)可以结合NDRG1启动子的-1202到-450区域,激活NDRG1表达,提示了NGRG1在缺氧应激反应中的作用机制。地高辛可通过抑制HIF-1α的合成,在转录水平下调缺氧诱导的NDRG1过表达[41]。Cangul等[42]发现,HIF-1非依赖性通路参与慢性低氧时该基因的调控。下调V-Ets骨髓成红细胞增多症病毒E26癌基因同源物1(recombinant V-Ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 1,ETS1)抑制NDRG1的表达,表明ETS1与HIF-1共同参与调节低氧诱导基因[43]。职业性接触镍化合物与肺癌有关,Tchou-Wong等[44]研究表明,镍暴露增加了A549细胞中NDRG1启动子和编码区H3K4的三甲基化水平,为镍化合物致癌性的表观遗传机制提供了新的思路。转移性肺癌在肺腺癌患者中很常见,但其分子机制尚未完全阐明,miRNA可促进肿瘤发生发展,其中miR-576-3p在晚期肺腺癌显著降低,SGK1是miR-576-3p的直接靶点,对miR-576-3p水平的调节导致SGK1水平改变及其下游靶点NDRG1的活化改变,从而调控肺腺癌的迁移和侵袭[45]。长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)在小细胞肺癌中的研究很少。Zeng等[46]首次证明Linc00173与小细胞肺癌的进展相关,Linc00173通过miRNA-218作为竞争性内源性RNA上调酪氨酸激酶,进而NDRG1上调,β-catenin易位,促进小细胞肺癌进展。染色质重塑蛋白家族CW型锌指结构蛋白2(microrchidia family CW-type zinc finger 2,MORC2)是一种新发现的染色质重塑蛋白,MORC2过表达抑制NDRG1启动子的活性,介导体内结直肠癌细胞的肺转移[47]。
针对NDRG1的下游信号通路,研究发现NDRG1基因沉默后凋亡前蛋白BAX增加,抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2和Bclx减少,导致线粒体损伤,线粒体膜电位被破坏,通过有效降低葡萄糖摄取、乳酸输出阻断缺氧导致的有氧糖酵解[48],这项研究为NDRG1在肺癌中的促增殖和抗凋亡机制带来启示。肿瘤起始细胞(tumor initiating cell,TIC)在多种肿瘤发生发展中起重要作用,但作用机制仍不清楚。研究发现NDRG1可促进非小细胞肺癌中TIC的干细胞样特性,包括诱导多能干细胞因子、成球能力和致瘤性,其机制为NDRG1直接与细胞S期激酶相关蛋白2(sphase kinase associated protein 2,Skp2)相互作用,通过周期蛋白依赖性激酶2(cyclin-dependent kinases,CDK2)失活降低Skp2的磷酸化,阻止C-myc降解[49]。多种恶性肿瘤都与血管生成的调节受损有关,其中血管内皮生长因子A(vascular endothelial growth factor A,VEGF-A)是一个关键的调节因子。Kosuke等[50]发现肿瘤血管内皮细胞中NDRG1缺乏阻止了磷脂酶Cγ1和细胞外调节蛋白激酶(extracellular regulated protein kinases,ERK)1/2的激活,NDRG1通过其磷酸化位点与磷脂酶Cγ1形成复合物,从而降低VEGF-A诱导的血管生成,提示NDRG1在血管生成中的作用。
耐药性是肺癌治疗中一个严重的临床问题,其中上皮细胞间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)过程在化疗耐药中起重要作用[51]。Hao等[52]利用蛋白质组学方法鉴定出耐药肺癌细胞中NDRG1显著下调,NDRG1下调使肿瘤细胞获得EMT表型,对顺铂的耐药性增加。另一项研究表明,顺铂显著上调肺癌细胞中转录激活因子3(activating transcription factor 3,ATF3)、磷酸化P53和切割半胱天冬酶3的表达,但在顺铂存在下NDRG1过表达降低了这些蛋白的水平,表明NDRG1参与肺癌对顺铂的耐药[53]。He等[54]发现,与药物敏感细胞相比,耐药肺癌细胞中NDRG1水平较低,表明NDRG1是肺癌顺铂耐药过程中DNA损伤反应和缺氧相关细胞应激反应的重要调节因子。同样,下调NDRG1表达增加了H441细胞对足叶乙甙诱导的凋亡的敏感性,抑制NDRG1表达的策略可能有助于靶向治疗[55]。具有激活表皮生长因子受体突变功能的非小细胞肺癌中,参与糖代谢的基因组在高表达p-NDRG1的患者中富集,总生存率与p-NDRG1呈负相关,揭示了p-NDRG1与EGFR耐药细胞代谢重编程之间的联系[56]。
结语 NDRG1是一种广泛表达且功能多样的基因,目前认为NDRG1在呼吸系统疾病中的作用主要集中在肺部感染、慢性气道炎性疾病、低氧相关疾病及肺部肿瘤等,NDRG1可能成为这些肺部疾病的有效治疗靶点。
作者贡献声明 李成伟 文献复习,论文撰写和修改。李圣青 论文构思和修改。
利益冲突声明 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
[1] |
FANG BA, KOVAČEVIĆ Ž, PARK KC, et al. Molecular functions of the iron-regulated metastasis suppressor, NDRG1, and its potential as a molecular target for cancer therapy[J]. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2014, 1845(1): 1-19.
|
[2] |
PARK KC, PALUNCIC J, KOVACEVIC Z, et al. Pharmacological targeting and the diverse functions of the metastasis suppressor, NDRG1, in cancer[J]. Free Radic Biol Med, 2020, 157: 154-175.
[DOI]
|
[3] |
LACHAT P, SHAW P, GEBHARD S, et al. Expression of NDRG1, a differentiation-related gene, in human tissues[J]. Histochem Cell Biol, 2002, 118(5): 399-408.
[DOI]
|
[4] |
UHLÉN M, FAGERBERG L, HALLSTRÖM BM, et al. Proteomics.Tissue-based map of the human proteome[J]. Science, 2015, 347(6220): 1260419.
[DOI]
|
[5] |
LI J, KRETZNER L. The growth-inhibitory Ndrg1 gene is a Myc negative target in human neuroblastomas and other cell types with overexpressed N- or C-myc[J]. Mol Cell Biochem, 2003, 250(1-2): 91-105.
|
[6] |
THIERRY-MIEG D, THIERRY-MIEG J. AceView: a comprehensive cDNA-supported gene and transcripts annotation[J]. Genome Biol, 2006, 7 Suppl 1(Suppl 1): S12.11-14.
|
[7] |
BELZEN NVAN, DINJENS WN, EUSSEN BH, et al. Expression of differentiation-related genes in colorectal cancer: possible implications for prognosis[J]. Histol Histopathol, 1998, 13(4): 1233-1242.
|
[8] |
ZHOU RH, KOKAME K, TSUKAMOTO Y, et al. Characterization of the human NDRG gene family: a newly identified member, NDRG4, is specifically expressed in brain and heart[J]. Genomics, 2001, 73(1): 86-97.
[DOI]
|
[9] |
KOKAME K, KATO H, MIYATA T. Homocysteine-respondent genes in vascular endothelial cells identified by differential display analysis.GRP78/BiP and novel genes[J]. J Biol Chem, 1996, 271(47): 29659-29665.
[DOI]
|
[10] |
HWANG J, KIM Y, KANG HB, et al. Crystal structure of the human N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 protein provides insight into its role as a tumor suppressor[J]. J Biol Chem, 2011, 286(14): 12450-12460.
[DOI]
|
[11] |
INGLIS SK, GALLACHER M, BROWN SG, et al. SGK1 activity in Na+ absorbing airway epithelial cells monitored by assaying NDRG1-Thr346/356/366 phosphorylation[J]. Pflugers Arch, 2009, 457(6): 1287-1301.
[DOI]
|
[12] |
HOANG B, FROST P, SHI Y, et al. Targeting TORC2 in multiple myeloma with a new mTOR kinase inhibitor[J]. Blood, 2010, 116(22): 4560-4568.
[DOI]
|
[13] |
MURRAY JT, CAMPBELL DG, MORRICE N, et al. Exploitation of KESTREL to identify NDRG family members as physiological substrates for SGK1 and GSK3[J]. Biochem J, 2004, 384(Pt 3): 477-488.
|
[14] |
SAHNI S, PARK KC, KOVACEVIC Z, et al. Two mechanisms involving the autophagic and proteasomal pathways process the metastasis suppressor protein, N-myc downstream regulated gene 1[J]. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis, 2019, 1865(6): 1361-1378.
[DOI]
|
[15] |
SHI XH, LARKIN JC, CHEN B, et al. The expression and localization of N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 in human trophoblasts[J]. PLoS One, 2013, 8(9): e75473.
[DOI]
|
[16] |
KURDISTANI SK, ARIZTI P, REIMER CL, et al. Inhibition of tumor cell growth by RTP/rit42 and its responsiveness to p53 and DNA damage[J]. Cancer Res, 1998, 58(19): 4439-4444.
|
[17] |
CHEN B, NELSON DM, SADOVSKY Y. N-myc down-regulated gene 1 modulates the response of term human trophoblasts to hypoxic injury[J]. J Biol Chem, 2006, 281(5): 2764-2772.
[DOI]
|
[18] |
TOOR A, CULIBRK L, SINGHERA GK, et al. Transcriptomic and proteomic host response to Aspergillus fumigatus conidia in an air-liquid interface model of human bronchial epithelium[J]. PLoS One, 2018, 13(12): e0209652.
[DOI]
|
[19] |
ZHANG X, HE D, GAO S, et al. iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis of the interaction of A549 human lung epithelial cells with Aspergillus fumigatus conidia[J]. Mol Med Rep, 2020, 22(6): 4601-4610.
[DOI]
|
[20] |
GAO J, GAO L, LI R, et al. Integrated analysis of microRNA-mRNA expression in A549 cells infected with influenza A viruses (IAVs) from different host species[J]. Virus Res, 2019, 263: 34-46.
[DOI]
|
[21] |
CHEN L, XING C, MA G, et al. N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 facilitates influenza A virus replication by suppressing canonical NF-κB signaling[J]. Virus Res, 2018, 252: 22-28.
[DOI]
|
[22] |
WANG J, LIU JY, SHAO KY, et al. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus activates lipophagy to facilitate viral replication through downregulation of NDRG1 expression[J]. J Virol, 2019, 93(17): e00526-19.
|
[23] |
KANDA T, MIYATA M, KANO M, et al. Clustered microRNAs of the Epstein-Barr virus cooperatively downregulate an epithelial cell-specific metastasis suppressor[J]. J Virol, 2015, 89(5): 2684-2697.
[DOI]
|
[24] |
YANG T, WANG L, SUN R, et al. Hydrogen-rich medium ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced barrier dysfunction via rhoa-mdia1 signaling in caco-2 cells[J]. Shock, 2016, 45(2): 228-237.
[DOI]
|
[25] |
JIANG Y, BIAN Y, LIAN N, et al. iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis of intestines in murine polymicrobial sepsis with hydrogen gas treatment[J]. Drug Des Devel Ther, 2020, 14: 4885-4900.
[DOI]
|
[26] |
JIAO J, WANG C, ZHANG L. Epithelial physical barrier defects in chronic rhinosinusitis[J]. Expert Rev Clin Immunol, 2019, 15(6): 679-688.
[DOI]
|
[27] |
GON Y, MARUOKA S, KISHI H, et al. NDRG1 is important to maintain the integrity of airway epithelial barrier through claudin-9 expression[J]. Cell Biol Int, 2017, 41(7): 716-725.
[DOI]
|
[28] |
LI HH, LI Q, LIU P, et al. WNT1-inducible signaling pathway protein 1 contributes to ventilator-induced lung injury[J]. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 2012, 47(4): 528-535.
[DOI]
|
[29] |
QI W, LI H, CAI XH, et al. Lipoxin A4 activates alveolar epithelial sodium channel gamma via the microRNA-21/PTEN/AKT pathway in lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory lung injury[J]. Lab Invest, 2015, 95(11): 1258-1268.
[DOI]
|
[30] |
ZHANG JZ, LIU ZL, ZHANG YX, et al. Lipoxin A4 ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced A549 cell injury through upregulation of N-myc downstream-regulated gene-1[J]. Chin Med J (Engl), 2018, 131(11): 1342-1348.
[DOI]
|
[31] |
LE N, HUFFORD TM, PARK JS, et al. Differential expression and hypoxia-mediated regulation of the N-myc downstream regulated gene family[J]. FASEB J, 2021, 35(11): e21961.
|
[32] |
GRIGORYEV DN, MA SF, SHIMODA LA, et al. Exon-based mapping of microarray probes: recovering differential gene expression signal in underpowered hypoxia experiment[J]. Mol Cell Probes, 2007, 21(2): 134-139.
[DOI]
|
[33] |
LARKIN J, CHEN B, SHI XH, et al. NDRG1 deficiency attenuates fetal growth and the intrauterine response to hypoxic injury[J]. Endocrinology, 2014, 155(3): 1099-1106.
[DOI]
|
[34] |
WANG D, TIAN X, JIANG Y. NDRG1/Cap43 overexpression in tumor tissues and serum from lung cancer patients[J]. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2012, 138(11): 1813-1820.
[DOI]
|
[35] |
FAN C, YU J, LIU Y, et al. Increased NDRG1 expression is associated with advanced T stages and poor vascularization in non-small cell lung cancer[J]. Pathol Oncol Res, 2012, 18(3): 549-556.
[DOI]
|
[36] |
AZUMA K, KAWAHARA A, HATTORI S, et al. NDRG1/Cap43/Drg-1 may predict tumor angiogenesis and poor outcome in patients with lung cancer[J]. J Thorac Oncol, 2012, 7(5): 779-789.
[DOI]
|
[37] |
LAZAR V, SUO C, OREAR C, et al. Integrated molecular portrait of non-small cell lung cancers[J]. BMC Med Genomics, 2013, 6: 53.
[DOI]
|
[38] |
FERNÁNDEZ-MARCELO T, MORÁN A, DE JUAN C, et al. Differential expression of senescence and cell death factors in non-small cell lung and colorectal tumors showing telomere attrition[J]. Oncology, 2012, 82(3): 153-164.
[DOI]
|
[39] |
DAI T, DAI Y, MURATA Y, et al. The prognostic significance of N-myc downregulated gene 1 in lung adenocarcinoma[J]. Pathol Int, 2018, 68(4): 224-231.
[DOI]
|
[40] |
WANG Q, LI LH, GAO GD, et al. HIF-1α up-regulates NDRG1 expression through binding to NDRG1 promoter, leading to proliferation of lung cancer A549 cells[J]. Mol Biol Rep, 2013, 40(5): 3723-3729.
[DOI]
|
[41] |
WEI D, PENG JJ, GAO H, et al. Digoxin downregulates NDRG1 and VEGF through the inhibition of HIF-1α under hypoxic conditions in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2013, 14(4): 7273-7285.
[DOI]
|
[42] |
CANGUL H. Hypoxia upregulates the expression of the NDRG1 gene leading to its overexpression in various human cancers[J]. BMC Genet, 2004, 5: 27.
|
[43] |
SALNIKOW K, APRELIKOVA O, IVANOV S, et al. Regulation of hypoxia-inducible genes by ETS1 transcription factor[J]. Carcinogenesis, 2008, 29(8): 1493-1499.
[DOI]
|
[44] |
TCHOU-WONG KM, KIOK K, TANG Z, et al. Effects of nickel treatment on H3K4 trimethylation and gene expression[J]. PLoS One, 2011, 6(3): e17728.
[DOI]
|
[45] |
GREENAWALT EJ, EDMONDS MD, JAIN N, et al. Targeting of SGK1 by miR-576-3p inhibits lung adenocarcinoma migration and invasion[J]. Mol Cancer Res, 2019, 17(1): 289-298.
[DOI]
|
[46] |
ZENG F, WANG Q, WANG S, et al. Linc00173 promotes chemoresistance and progression of small cell lung cancer by sponging miR-218 to regulate Etk expression[J]. Oncogene, 2020, 39(2): 293-307.
[DOI]
|
[47] |
LIU J, SHAO Y, HE Y, et al. MORC2 promotes development of an aggressive colorectal cancer phenotype through inhibition of NDRG1[J]. Cancer Sci, 2019, 110(1): 135-146.
[DOI]
|
[48] |
GUO DD, XIE KF, LUO XJ. Hypoxia-induced elevated NDRG1 mediates apoptosis through reprograming mitochondrial fission in HCC[J]. Gene, 2020, 741: 144552.
[DOI]
|
[49] |
WANG Y, ZHOU Y, TAO F, et al. N-myc downstream regulated gene 1(NDRG1) promotes the stem-like properties of lung cancer cells through stabilized c-Myc[J]. Cancer Lett, 2017, 401: 53-62.
[DOI]
|
[50] |
WATARI K, SHIBATA T, FUJITA H, et al. NDRG1 activates VEGF-A-induced angiogenesis through PLCγ1/ERK signaling in mouse vascular endothelial cells[J]. Commun Biol, 2020, 3(1): 107.
[DOI]
|
[51] |
BEDI U, MISHRA VK, WASILEWSKI D, et al. Epigenetic plasticity: a central regulator of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cancer[J]. Oncotarget, 2014, 5(8): 2016-2029.
[DOI]
|
[52] |
LIU H, GU Y, YIN J, et al. SET-mediated NDRG1 inhibition is involved in acquisition of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition phenotype and cisplatin resistance in human lung cancer cell[J]. Cell Signal, 2014, 26(12): 2710-2720.
[DOI]
|
[53] |
DU A, JIANG Y, FAN C. NDRG1 Downregulates ATF3 and inhibits cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in lung cancer A549 cells[J]. Int J Med Sci, 2018, 15(13): 1502-1507.
[DOI]
|
[54] |
HE L, LIU K, WANG X, et al. NDRG1 disruption alleviates cisplatin/sodium glycididazole-induced DNA damage response and apoptosis in ERCC1-defective lung cancer cells[J]. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 2018, 100: 54-60.
[DOI]
|
[55] |
WU F, ROM WN, KOSHIJI M, et al. Role of GLI1 and NDRG1 in increased resistance to apoptosis induction[J]. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol, 2015, 34(3): 213-225.
[DOI]
|
[56] |
CHIANG CT, DEMETRIOU AN, UNG N, et al. mTORC2 contributes to the metabolic reprogramming in EGFR tyrosine-kinase inhibitor resistant cells in non-small cell lung cancer[J]. Cancer Lett, 2018, 434: 152-159.
[DOI]
|