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   复旦学报(医学版)  2020, Vol. 47 Issue (6): 888-892      DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2020.06.014
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77例境外输入性COVID-19病例临床特点分析
朱默然1 , 曾艺鹏2 , 包红3 , 王嘉漫1 , 郭水根1 , 沈瑶1     
1. 复旦大学附属浦东医院呼吸科 上海 201399;
2. 复旦大学附属浦东医院品质管理部 上海 201399;
3. 复旦大学附属浦东医院感染科 上海 201399
摘要目的 探讨复旦大学附属浦东医院境外输入性2019冠状病毒病(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)确诊病例的临床特点,为疫情防控提供有效依据。方法 收集本院2020年3月14日至2020年7月3日期间境外输入性COVID-19确诊病例77例,分析其流行病学史、血常规、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)和胸部CT。结果 确诊病例中约63.64%(49/77)为聚集性发病,务工人员占54.55%(42/77),为群居居住;其次为留学生,占25.97%(20/77例),大部分为单独居室居住。男性54例,女性23例,发病年龄14~62岁。18.18%(14/77)的患者为无症状感染者,36.36%(28/77)的患者有发热,75.32%(58/77)的患者有干咳、咽痛、流涕等呼吸道感染症状,少数有胸闷、乏力、腹泻等症状。血常规检查提示65例外周血白细胞计数正常,4例白细胞计数减少,8例白细胞计数升高,淋巴细胞绝对计数均在正常范围内,67例嗜酸性粒细胞绝对计数减少,35例单核细胞绝对计数升高,61例CRP指标正常、16例轻度升高。胸部CT检查显示50例患者均有不同程度的肺部异常表现,27例患者未见异常。27例为轻型,50例为普通型,无重型及危重型。结论 境外输入性COVID-19病例有明确的流行病学史,居住条件拥挤是发病率增加的危险因素,一部分为无症状感染者或轻型患者,多数为普通型患者,实验室检查多未见明显异常,胸部CT影像学表现多样。应综合考虑流行病学史、症状、实验室及影像学检查,才能避免漏诊,做到早发现、早治疗、早隔离,有效控制COVID-19疫情。
关键词2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)    流行病学史    临床特点    境外输入    
Clinical characteristics of 77 COVID-19 cases imported from abroad
ZHU Mo-ran1 , ZENG Yi-peng2 , BAO Hong3 , WANG Jia-man1 , GUO Shui-gen1 , SHEN Yao1     
1. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201399, China;
2. Department of Quality Management, Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201399, China;
3. Department of Infectious Diseases, Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201399, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) imported from abroad in Pudong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University so as to provide evidence for epidemic prevention and control of COVID-19. Methods We extracted data regarding 77 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in Pudong Hospital from Mar 14 to Jul 3, 2020.We then collected and analyzed their epidemic history, blood routine, C-reactive protein (CRP) and chest CT. Results About 63.64%(49/77) of the confirmed cases showed characteristics of clustering onset, with migrant workers accounting for a large proportion (54.55%, 42/77), whom living in groups; followed by overseas students (25.97%, 20/77), most of whom lived in separate rooms.There were 54 males and 23 females, aged from 14 to 62 years old.Among them, 18.18%(14/77)were asymptomatic, 36.36% (28/77) had fever and 75.32%(58/77) had dry cough, sore throat, runny nose and other respiratory tract infection symptoms; and a few had chest tightness, fatigue, diarrhea and other symptoms.White blood cell counts were normal in 65 cases, decreased in 4 cases, increased in 8 cases; Lymphocyte absolute counts were all in the normal range and eosinophil absolute counts were decreased in 67 cases, and mononuclear cell absolute counts were increased in 35 cases.CRP was increased in 16 cases, and normal in 61 cases. CT scan of the chest revealed that 50 patients had different degrees of pulmonary abnormalities, and 27 had no abnormalities.There were 27 mild type cases, 50 common type cases, and no severe or critical type. Conclusion COVID-19 imported from abroad has epidemiological history.Crowded living conditions are a risk factor for the increased incidence of COVID-19.Some of them were asymptomatic or mild type, and most of them were common type.Laboratory examination showed no obvious abnormalities, and chest CT imaging showed various manifestations.To avoid missed diagnosis, overall consideration of the epidemiological history, symptoms, laboratory examination and imaging is needed, so as to achieve early detection, early treatment and early control for imported COVID-19.
Key words: coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)    epidemic history    clinical characteristics    imported from abroad    

2019年12月以来,严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2)在全国乃至全球范围内发生大流行[1],WHO于2020年2月11日将其引起的疾病正式命名为2019冠状病毒病(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)。截至2020年7月3日,全球累计报告COVID-19确诊病例1 071余万例,死亡病例超过51余万例[2]。随着回国人员的流动,防止境外输入性COVID‑19是个严峻的考验。上海作为国际大都市,人口密集,是防疫的重点城市。复旦大学附属浦东医院毗邻浦东机场,是上海防疫一线的大型综合性医院,也是上海口岸防疫中三个闭环的重要组成部分,担负着COVID-19病例的筛查任务。现就本院境外输入性COVID-19确诊病例的临床特征进行分析。

资料和方法

一般资料和诊断标准  收集2020年3月14日至2020年7月3日期间复旦大学附属浦东医院境外输入性COVID-19确诊病例77例,对其一般资料及流行病学史、临床症状、实验室检查及胸部CT影像学进行了回顾性分析。诊断标准采用《国家新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案(试行第七版)》[3]。疑似病例诊断标准:有流行病学史中的任何一条,且符合临床表现中任意2条;无明确流行病学史的,符合临床表现中的3条。确诊病例诊断标准为疑似病例具备以下病原学或血清学证据之一者:(1)实时荧光RT-PCR检测新型冠状病毒核酸阳性;(2)病毒基因测序,与已知的新型冠状病毒高度同源;(3)血清新型冠状病毒特异性IgM抗体和IgG抗体阳性;血清新型冠状病毒特异性IgG抗体由阴性转为阳性或恢复期较急性期4倍及以上升高。

临床分型分为轻型、普通型、重型和危重型。轻型为临床症状轻微,影像学未见肺炎表现;普通型为具有发热、呼吸道等症状,影像学可见肺炎表现;重型为成人符合下列任何一条:(1)出现气促,呼吸频率(respiratory rate,RR)≥30次/分;(2)静息状态下,指氧饱和度≤93%;(3)动脉血氧分压(PaO2)/吸氧浓度(FiO2)≤300 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa,下同)。高海拔(海拔超过1 000 m)地区应根据以下公式对PaO2/FiO2进行校正:PaO2/FiO2 ×[大气压(mmHg)/760]。肺部影像学显示24~48 h内病灶明显进展 > 50%者按重型管理。儿童符合下列任何一条:(1)出现气促(< 2月龄,RR≥60次/分;2~12月龄,RR≥50次/分;1~5岁,RR≥40次/分;≥5岁,RR≥30次/分),除外发热和哭闹的影响;(2)静息状态下,指氧饱和度≤92%;(3)辅助呼吸(呻吟、鼻翼扇动、三凹征),发绀,间歇性呼吸暂停;(4)出现嗜睡、惊厥;(5)拒食或喂养困难,有脱水征。危重型为符合以下情况之一者:(1)出现呼吸衰竭,且需要机械通气;(2)出现休克;(3)合并其他器官功能衰竭需ICU监护治疗。无症状感染者全称是“新型冠状病毒无症状感染者”,指无相关呼吸道症状(如发热、咳嗽、咽痛等),但呼吸道等标本核酸检测或抗体检测呈阳性者[3]

调查内容和检测指标  所有患者入院后询问流行病史:(1)发病前14天内有无武汉市及周边地区,或境内其他有病例报告的社区,或境外疫情严重国家或地区的旅游出差或居住史;(2)发病前14天内有无与COVID-19感染者接触史;(3)发病前14天内有无接触过来自武汉市及周边地区,或接触境外严重国家或地区的发热或呼吸道症状的患者;(4)是否聚集性发病,指14天内小范围内出现2例及以上发热和/或有呼吸道症状的病例。所有患者检测血常规、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)及胸部CT,疾控中心采样咽拭子行核酸检测,核酸检测阳性者根据年龄分别转入上海市COVID-19定点收治医院,即复旦大学附属上海市公共卫生临床中心或复旦大学附属儿科医院进行治疗。

统计学处理  采用SPSS 20.0软件进行统计学分析。正态分布的数据用均数表示;非正态分布的数据用中位数表示;计数资料采用例数和百分比表示。选用Pearson相关性分析比较两因素之间的相关性。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果

一般情况  77例患者中,男性54例、女性23例,年龄14~62岁,平均(34±12)岁,其中70.67%(53/75例)年龄小于40岁;63.64%(49/77)为聚集性发病;54.55%(42/77)为务工人员、群居居住;25.97%(20/77例)为留学生、多为单独居室居住。基线资料见表 1

表 1 77例COVID-19患者的基线及临床特征 Tab 1 The baseline and clinical characteristics of 77 COVID-19 patients  
[n (%) or range (mean)]
Characteristics Cases
Gender(Male) 54/77(70.13)
Age(y) 14-62(34±12)
Clustering occurrence 49/77(63.64)
Identity
    Migrant workers 42/77(54.55)
    Overseas students 20/77(25.97)
Clinical symptomsa
    Fever 28/77(36.36)
    Dry cough or cough phlegm 33/77 (42.86)
    Sore throat, nasal obstruction, runny nose 25/77 (32.47)
    Nausea or diarrhea 9/77 (11.69)
    Chest tightness 2/77 (2.60)
    Fatigue 2/77 (2.60)
  a18.18%(14/77)of the cases were asymptomatic.

临床症状  36.36%(28/77)的患者有发热,45.46%(35/77)的患者无发热,75.32%(58/77)的患者有干咳、咽痛、流涕等呼吸道感染症状,18.18%(14/77)的患者为无症状感染者(表 1)。

实验室检查  血常规检查:65例患者白细胞计数正常,4例白细胞计数减少(分别为2.08、2.90、3.41和3.45×109/L,平均值为2.96×109/L),8例白细胞计数升高,平均值12.27×109/L;淋巴细胞绝对计数均在正常范围内,平均值1.75×109/L;67例患者嗜酸性粒细胞绝对计数减少,35例单核细胞绝对计数升高;CPR:61例在正常范围内,16例升高(8.08~148.57 mg/mL),且多为轻度升高(12例CRP < 30 mg/L,4例≥30 mg/L)。详见表 2

表 2 77例COVID-19患者的实验室检查 Tab 2 The laboratory examination of 77 COVID-19 patients  
[n(%)]
Index Cases
White blood cell counts
    Decreased 4/77 (5.19)
    Normal 65/77 (84.42)
    Increased 8/77 (10.39)
Lymphocyte absolute counts decreased 0
Eosinophil absolute counts decreased 67/77 (87.01)
Mononuclear cell absolute counts increased 35/77 (45.45)
C-reactive protein
    Normal 61/77 (79.22)
    Increased(8.00≤CRP < 30 mg/L) 12/77 (15.58)
    Moderately increased(≥30 mg/L) 4/77(5.19)

胸部CT影像学检查  胸部CT扫描发现50例(64.94%)患者均有不同程度的肺部异常表现,27例患者CT未见异常。病变分布:单侧单叶17例(左上肺2例,左下肺8例,右上肺2例,右下肺5例),多叶段病变33例(单侧多叶3例,双肺病变30例);35例患者胸部CT表现为胸膜下半圆形或楔形病变。形态或密度:39例为斑片状、小片状或类圆形磨玻璃影,8例伴实变;伴随征象:4例伴空气支气管征,2例伴小叶间隔增厚(表 3图 1)。

表 3 50例COVID-19患者胸部CT影像学异常表现 Tab 3 The abnormal chest CT imaging findings in 50 COVID-19 patients  
[n(%)]
Index Casesa
Location and distribution
    Single 17 (34.00)
    Lobar disease (unilateral lobar or bilateral pulmonary disease) 33 (66.00)
    Subpleural lesions 35 (70.00)
Form and density
    Patchy, flaky ground glass shadow 34 (68.00)
    Similar round ground glass shadow 5 (10.00)
    Consolidation 8 (16.00)
Accompanied signs
    Septal thickening 2 (4.00)
    Air bronchogram 4 (8.00)
  a27 COVID-19 patients were negative on chest CT.
A:Ground glass shadow in posterior segment of upper lobe tip of left lung accompanied by partial consolidation; B:Irregular ground glass shadow of upper lobe of left lung; C:Small lamellar ground glass shadow of lower lobe of left lung; D:Subpleural round ground glass shadow with consolidation in the lower lobe of right lung; E:Subpleural lamellar irregular ground glass shadow in the lower lobe of right lung; F:Patchy ground glass shadow accompanied by consolidation in the subpleural lobe of the lower right lung; G:Patchy ground glass shadow under the pleura in the lower lobe of both lungs; The air bronchi sign in the lower lobe of left lung; H:Subpleural patchy ground glass shadows with consolidation in lower lobe of both lungs. 图 1 COVID-19患者典型CT影像学异常表现 Fig 1 Common typical CT imaging abnormalities of the COVID-19 patients

胸部CT影像学异常表现与年龄和CRP水平之间的相关性  CRP升高和胸部CT有异常表现具有一定的关联性(r=0.355,P < 0.01)。患者年龄越大,累及肺叶数越多,年龄与胸部CT累及肺叶数有一定的相关性(r=0.568,P < 0.01)。

临床分型  77例境外输入性COVID-19确诊病例中27例为轻型、50例为普通型,无重型及危重型,其中无症状感染者14例。

讨论

2020年3月以来,上海市把境外疫情输入的防控作为疫情防控的重中之重。上海市通过做实“三个闭环”来开展“外防输入”的工作,这“三个闭环”即入境人员的排查分流闭环、封闭的转运闭环以及属地社区防控的闭环。我院毗邻上海市浦东机场,是上海防疫一线的大型综合性医院,也是上海口岸防疫中的三个闭环的重要组成部分。作为主要的定点COVID-19收治医院之一,我院担负着很大的收治任务。我院境外输入型COVID-19中群租的劳务人员占多数,提示居住条件拥挤是发病率增加的危险因素。这与Xia等[4]的研究结果一致,即多数确诊病例有着家庭聚集性发病的特点。杨伟斌等[5]对该院3月初确诊的8例境外输入COVID-19的CT表现及临床特征进行分析,发现这些患者均为同一个国家的同一家餐厅的从业人员,同一天乘坐同一航班回国,为境外输入的聚集性发病病例。正如瞿介明、王辰和曹彬等代表中国胸科学会、中国胸科医师协会发布的《2019年成人冠状病毒患者管理指南》[6]中所指出,各个年龄段的人群都易感,而且聚集性活动易患COVID-19的风险更大。

COVID-19患者临床症状以发热、干咳、乏力为主要表现。少数患者伴有鼻塞、流涕、咽痛、肌痛和腹泻等症状。Wang等[7]报道COVID-19住院患者症状中发热占98.6%(136/138例),26.1%(36/138例)的患者因严重并发症入住ICU。我院境外输入型COVID-19确诊病例相对症状轻,为轻型及普通型,没有重型及危重型。发热约36.36%(28/77),75.32%(58/77)的患者有干咳、咽痛、流涕等呼吸道感染症状,少数有胸闷、乏力、腹泻等症状,其中18.18%的患者为无症状感染者。本研究确诊病例症状较文献轻,主要是因为入境患者早期即常规检测核酸,早期即能确诊。Liang等[8]在一项针对全国31个省的COVID-19确诊病例的回顾性研究中发现,湖北地区患者较湖北以外地区患者年龄偏大,合并症多、症状多、影像学表现异常,从发病到入院的周期长、病情重、延迟住院时间是增加预后不良的独立危险因素。境外人员因有早期干预手段,入境时即使无症状也进行核酸检测,所以疾病程度轻,很大一部分为无症状感染者,这部分患者因发现时间早,尚未发病,有一部分后期发展成普通型,此类患者治疗效果好,不易发展成重症。这是境外输入COVID-19病例的特点。

本文77例COVID-19患者外周血白细胞计数多数正常,仅有4例白细胞减少,淋巴细胞绝对计数均正常,61例CPR在正常范围内。这一点和Guan等[9]报告较多病例存在淋巴细胞及白细胞减少有所不同,分析其原因为这部分确诊病例早期发现为轻型或普通性,症状轻微或无明显不适症状,无明显白细胞及淋巴细胞减少。我院16例CRP升高的病例都有明显的CT异常表现,如斑片状磨玻璃影、实变等,而且CRP升高和胸部CT有异常表现具有一定的关联性(r=0.355,P < 0.01)。

COVID-19影像学胸部CT早期常表现为单纯磨玻璃影,可见细网格影,以肺外带明显,严重的可出现肺实变,胸腔积液少见[10-11]。我院77例确诊患者中,50例患者有明显的胸部CT异常表现(64.94%),而且33例表现为多叶病变(2~5叶),分析显示患者年龄越大,累及肺叶数越多,年龄与胸部CT累及肺叶数有一定的相关性(r=0.568,P < 0.01)。胸部CT常见异常表现为单纯磨玻璃影,或伴实性成分,多为胸膜下病变,病变形态多为小片状、斑片状、类圆形等,其内可见空气支气管征,可伴有小叶间隔增厚,均不伴胸腔积液及淋巴结肿大。另有一项全国的调查分析显示,877例COVID-19病例中有157例未见影像学异常[12]。正如我院确诊的一部分病例中,35.06%(27/77例)的患者CT影像学阴性,这类为轻型患者,若仅限于影像学,非常容易漏诊。

综上所述,我院目前所有确诊的境外输入性COVID-19病例特点较国内其他病例有所差别。所有患者均有明确的流行病学史,居住条件拥挤是发病率增加的危险因素,一部分为无症状感染者或轻型患者,多数为普通型患者,实验室检查多未见明显异常,胸部CT影像学表现多样。针对输入性COVID病例,流行病学史、症状、实验室检查及影像学四者相结合综合考虑,才能避免漏诊,做到早发现、早治疗、早隔离,有效控制疫情。

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文章信息

朱默然, 曾艺鹏, 包红, 王嘉漫, 郭水根, 沈瑶
ZHU Mo-ran, ZENG Yi-peng, BAO Hong, WANG Jia-man, GUO Shui-gen, SHEN Yao
77例境外输入性COVID-19病例临床特点分析
Clinical characteristics of 77 COVID-19 cases imported from abroad
复旦学报医学版, 2020, 47(6): 888-892.
Fudan University Journal of Medical Sciences, 2020, 47(6): 888-892.
Corresponding author
SHEN Yao,E-mail:13611692261@163.com.
基金项目
上海市浦东新区重点专科建设项目(PWZzk2017-30);上海市浦东医院科研计划课题(YJ201601)
Foundation item
This work was supported by the Key Specialty Construction Project of Pudong New Area, Shanghai (PWZzk2017-30) and the Science and Research Planning Project of Shanghai Pudong Hospital(YJ201601)

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