2. 复旦大学循证医学中心 上海 200032;
3. 复旦大学风湿免疫过敏中心 上海 200032
2. Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
3. Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
IgG4相关性疾病(IgG4-related disease,IgG4-RD)是一类持续性、非特异性、炎性增殖性自身免疫性疾病,以多发脏器肿大、血清中IgG4升高为特点[1]。该疾病的组织病理学特点为大量淋巴浆细胞浸润、IgG4阳性浆细胞比例显著升高、席纹状纤维化和闭塞性脉管炎[2]。可累及全身所有的器官和脏器,如腺体、眼眶、鼻窦、腹膜后、胰腺、胆管、肺、肾、淋巴结,甚至血管、脑垂体等,致使脏器类似于肿瘤样增生和肿大[3]。严重者可出现肝硬化、肾功能不全及局部脏器压迫症状等,导致患者生活质量显著下降。
近年来,IgG4-RD发病率呈上升趋势,日本报道年发病率达0.28~1.4/10万,现在该疾病受到越来越多的关注。目前在临床中对于该疾病的疾病活动性评估方法主要包括血清IgG4水平、红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR)、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)及IgG4-RD反应指数(IgG4-RD responder index,IgG4-RD RI)。但ESR和CRP等急性相反应标志物缺乏特异性[4-5]。IgG4-RD RI是一种基于各个受累脏器的评估以及血清IgG4水平的综合评估方法,能更好地反映疾病的活动性[6-7],但评估方法较为复杂和费时。
本文拟通过总结117例IgG4-RD患者的临床资料和实验室检查结果,验证IgG4-RD RI在疾病活动性评估中的效能,以进一步探索新的生物学标志物。
资料和方法研究对象 纳入2015年1月1日—2018年12月31日在复旦大学附属中山医院随访的117例IgG4-RD相关性疾病患者。根据2012年日本分类标准[8],88例经组织病理学检查符合IgG4-RD的病理特点,其中69.3%(61/88)合并血清IgG4水平升高被归为明确的IgG4-RD,30.7%(27/88)血清IgG4水平正常被归为可能的IgG4-RD;另29例患者有临床症状及血清IgG4水平升高,被诊断为可疑的IgG4-RD。患者在临床上同时排除恶性肿感染或其他风湿性疾病,并且在一年以上的随访期内对糖皮质激素治疗有效,故临床综合考虑确诊IgG4-RD。于2019年2月收集患者近期的疾病情况,指标包括患者的一般情况、症状和体征、实验室检查、影像学检查结果和IgG4-RD RI评分[6]。
疾病活动性评估 由3位风湿科专家通过医师整体评估(physician global assessment,PGA)将患者进一步分为活动组和稳定组,参考以下标准:(1)影像学检查证实新发脏器肿胀/肿块或原有脏器病变加重;(2)近1个月内出现与IgG4-RD相关的新发症状/体征或先前的症状/体征恶化,可伴或不伴血清IgG4水平升高。患者满足上述标准之一即认为处于活动期(活动组),不满足以上标准则归入稳定组。
统计学方法 患者的性别采用率表示,统计方法采用χ2检验。患者年龄、病程、实验室检查结果等资料中符合正态分布和方差齐性的数据采用x±s表示,用单因素方差分析进行统计。不符合正态分布或方差齐性的数据采用四分位数表示,使用非参数Mann-Whitney U检验。使用Pearson法进行相关性分析。绘制受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线,确定最佳临界值。采用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计分析。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
结果基线情况和临床特点 117例患者发病时的基线情况和临床特点见表 1。患者男女比例为94:23,年龄62(54.1~65.8)岁,血清IgG4水平为3.97(1.98~7.82)g/L。常见症状为消化系统症状,其次为眼部症状、腰背痛/下肢水肿、呼吸系统症状、颌下/颈部肿块、耳鼻喉症状、全身症状。73例(62.4%)患者为2个以上脏器受累,最易受累脏器依次为后腹膜和腹腔淋巴结、胰腺、泪腺/眼眶、淋巴结、肺、唾液腺、泌尿系统、胆囊/胆管、鼻/鼻窦、纵膈、盆腔、肠道/肠系膜、脑膜/垂体。受累小于5%的脏器为耳、喉、皮肤、肝、骨髓和心包。
(n=117) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Characteristics | Value or cases | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General information | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sex (male: female) | 94:23 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Age (y) | 62 (54.1-65.8) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Number of involved organs | 2 (1-3) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Symptoms and signs | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Serum IgG4 (g/L) | 3.97 (1.98-7.82) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Submandibular/neck mass[n (%)] | 18 (15.38) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Eye manifestation[n (%)] | 21 (17.95) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ENT manifestation[n (%)] | 9 (7.69) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Respiratory system[n (%)] | 12 (16.24) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Digestive system[n (%)] | 52 (44.44) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Low back pain/lower limb edema[n (%)] | 21 (17.95) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Systemic symptoms (fever, fatigue, weight loss) [n (%)] |
4 (3.42) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Involved organs[n (%)] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nose/sinus | 10 (8.55) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ear | 4 (3.42) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lacrimal gland/orbit | 24 (20.51) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Salivary glands | 16 (13.68) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Throat | 1 (0.09) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lymph nodes | 24 (20.51) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lung | 20 (17.09) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mediastinum | 9 (7.69) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liver | 2 (1.71) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pancreas | 27 (23.08) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gallbladder/biliary duct | 11 (9.40) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Retroperitoneum and abdominal lymph nodes |
60 (51.28) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Intestine | 6 (5.13) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Urinary system | 13 (11.11) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pelvic cavity | 8 (6.84) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Skin | 1 (0.09) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Meninges and pituitary | 6 (5.13) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Marrow | 2 (1.71) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pericardium | 1 (0.09) |
两组患者一般情况及实验室检查 根据疾病活动性评估,将117例患者分为78例活动期和39例稳定期。两组患者的年龄、性别及受累脏器数差异无统计学意义;稳定组患者病程较长,多为治疗后的患者。两组患者的IgG4-RD RI差异有显著统计学意义(表 2,P < 0.001)。
Item | Active group (n=78) | Stable group (n=39) | P |
Sex (male:female) | 21:5 | 31:8 | 0.869 |
Age (y) | 61 (52.5-65) | 62.5 (51-66) | 0.462 |
Disease duration (mo) | 6.5 (2.8-17.8) | 24 (8-49) | 0.028(1) |
Number of involved organs | 2 (1-3) | 2 (1-3) | 0.59 |
IgG4-RD RI | 9 (6-12) | 2 (1-4) | < 0.001(2) |
By Chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U test,(1)P < 0.05, (2)P < 0.01. |
通过两组IgG4-RD患者实验室检查结果比较(表 3、图 1),发现活动组患者外周血嗜酸性粒细胞(eosnophils,E)百分比、血小板(platelet,PLT)、ESR、CRP、IgG、IgG4、球蛋白、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、可溶性IL-2受体(soluble IL-2 receptor,sIL-2R)较稳定组显著升高。活动组血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、总甘油三酯(total triglyceride,TG)水平较稳定组显著降低。稳定组Hb升高提示患者贫血好转,可能与疾病稳定或治疗后营养状况改善相关;血脂升高可能与患者激素治疗的不良反应有关。
[x±s or median (IQR)] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Items | Active group (n=78) | Stable group (n=39) | P | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hb (g/L) | 120 (106-131) | 136 (120.5-145.5) | 0.002(2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
WBC (×109/L) | 6.81±1.97 | 7.59±2.42 | 0.110 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
E (%) | 2.3 (1.11-4.73) | 1.0 (0.20-1.93) | 0.001(2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PLT (×109/L) | 237(179.3-302.8) | 185 (151-239.5) | 0.014(2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ESR (mm/h) | 41 (18-83) | 8.5 (3-17.75) | < 0.001(2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CRP (mg/L) | 6.4 (1.1-19.7) | 1.3 (0.45-5.5) | < 0.001(2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IgG (g/L) | 18.01 (13.98-21.91) | 10.03 (8.53-11.19) | < 0.001(2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IgG4 (g/L) | 3.94 (2.01-7.64) | 1.23 (0.53-2.58) | < 0.001(2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IgE (IU/mL) | 90 (20-201) | 40.5 (10-125.5) | 0.118 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Albumin (g/L) | 37 (36-41.75) | 40.5 (38-42) | 0.019(1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Globulin (g/L) | 34.5 (27.25-40) | 24 (21-26) | < 0.001(2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ALT (U/L) | 14 (10-29) | 18 (13-30.5) | 0.211 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
AST (U/L) | 17 (14-25) | 17 (14-22) | 0.545 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cr (μmol/L) | 76 (66.5-95.5) | 75.5 (64-84) | 0.426 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Uric acid (μmol/L) | 314.5 (247.8-393.5) | 306 (211.3-389.3) | 0.378 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
C3 (g/L) | 0.96±0.27 | 0.94±0.29 | 0.743 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
C4 (g/L) | 0.19±0.09 | 0.18±0.05 | 0.753 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
TC (mmol/L) | 3.63±0.88 | 4.44±0.73 | 0.020(1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
LDL (mmol/L) | 2.06 (1.63-2.94) | 2.25 (2.02-2.25) | 0.533 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
TG (mmol/L) | 1.13±0.45 | 1.65±0.50 | 0.005(2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 7.0 (3.2-12.4) | 2.6 (2-4.7) | < 0.001(2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
TNF-α (pg/mL) | 9.9 (7.5-13.3) | 7.45 (5.98-10.05) | 0.06 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
sIL-2R (U/mL) | 753.5 (474-1274.8) | 398 (270-524) | < 0.001(2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IL-8 (pg/mL) | 8.5 (5.5-17.58) | 13 (5.85-18) | 0.482 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CD19+ B cell (%) | 10.4 (7.65-14.15) | 11.5 (8.0-16.8) | 0.804 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CD3+ T cell (%) | 69.97±9.70 | 74.07±10.43 | 0.123 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CD4+ T cell (%) | 42.81±11.16 | 42.80±11.33 | 0.998 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CD8+ T cell (%) | 23.9 (18.95-29.8) | 11.5 (8-16.8) | 0.051 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CD4+ T cell/CD8+ T cell | 1.90 (1.25-2.55) | 44.70 (36.20-51.35) | 0.301 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
NK cell (%) | 18.7 (10-30.4) | 16.3 (9.7-36.75) | 0.502 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amyloid protein A (mg/L) | 6.2 (2.7-71.1) | 5.9 (3.0-14.8) | 0.354 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
One-way ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U test, (1)P < 0.05, (2)P < 0.01. |
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The active group showed higher level of ESR, CRP, IgG4, globulin, IgG, E%, IL-6, and IL-2R, and lower level of Hb than the stable group, (1)P < 0.01. 图 1 活动组和稳定组IgG4-RD患者部分实验室结果差异散点图 Fig 1 The scatter diagram of partial laboratory examination results between active group and stable group in patients with IgG4-RD |
活动性标志物和IgG4-RD RI评分相关性 相关性分析发现,患者IgG及IgG4水平均与IgG4-RD RI呈正比(r=0.522,P < 0.001;r=0.433,P < 0.001,图 2)。此外,球蛋白(r=0.504,P < 0.001)、ESR(r=0.357,P < 0.001)、sIL-2R(r=0.342,P=0.002)与IgG4-RD RI指数均存在正相关。外周血嗜酸性粒细胞百分比(eosnophils percentage,E%)(r=0.263,P=0.017)、CRP(r=0.206,P=0.034)、IL-6(r=0.259,P=0.018,)、Hb(r=-0.217,P=0.04)与IgG4-RD RI相关性较低。
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图 2 血清IgG和IgG4均与IgG4-RD RI评分呈正相关(Pearson相关性分析) Fig 2 The level of IgG and IgG4 were both positively correlated with IgG4-RD RI score (Pearson correlation analysis) |
IgG4-RD活动性评估标志物的诊断效率 将两组间有显著性差异的实验室检查结果和IgG4-RD RI评分进行临床诊断效能评价,发现IgG ≥ 11.6 g/L和IgG4-RD RI ≥ 6的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值均显著升高(表 4)。进一步绘制ROC曲线,发现ESR、IgG、球蛋白、IgG4-RD RI评分的曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC) > 0.85。以上结果提示IgG可作为疾病活动性的标志物,也进一步验证了IgG4-RD RI评分具有较好的诊断效能。
Biomarkers | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | Positive predictive value (%) | Negative predictive value (%) | AUC |
ESR ≥ 17 mm/h | 78.5 | 71.8 | 85.0 | 62.2 | 0.850 |
CRP ≥ 1.8 mg/L | 70.4 | 62.2 | 78.1 | 52.3 | 0.711 |
IgG4 ≥ 1.9 g/L | 78.2 | 68.4 | 83.6 | 60.5 | 0.774 |
IgG ≥ 11.6 g/L | 89.1 | 82.6 | 93.4 | 73.1 | 0.918 |
Hb ≥ 125 g/L | 69.0 | 61.9 | 45.5 | 81.3 | 0.699 |
E% ≥ 1.5% | 69.6 | 64.3 | 79.6 | 51.4 | 0.718 |
PLT ≥ 190×109/L | 69.4 | 65.5 | 79.6 | 48.6 | 0.670 |
Globulin ≥ 27 g/L | 79.4 | 77.8 | 90.0 | 60.0 | 0.906 |
IL-6 ≥ 3.6 pg/mL | 70.9 | 72.4 | 83.0 | 56.8 | 0.772 |
sIL-2R ≥ 486 U/mL | 75.0 | 72.4 | 83.0 | 61.8 | 0.793 |
IgG4-RD RI ≥ 6 | 92.3 | 86.5 | 93.5 | 84.2 | 0.940 |
本文总结了117例IgG4-RD患者的一般情况和实验室检查结果。发现活动期和稳定期IgG4-RD患者的实验室检查结果存在差异,进一步研究发现:(1)活动组患者外周血E%、PLT、ESR、CRP、IgG、IgG4、球蛋白、IL-6、sIL-2R较稳定组显著升高,Hb、TC、TG水平较稳定组显著降低;(2)ESR、IgG、球蛋白、IgG4-RD RI对IgG4-RD疾病活动性的评估具有较高的诊断效能。IgG可作为疾病活动性的标志物,敏感度和特异度接近IgG4-RD RI评分;(3)IgG、IgG4水平均与IgG4-RD RI呈正比,且相关性较好。
本研究提示ESR和CRP水平在IgG4-RD活动期显著升高,且ESR能较好地反映疾病的活动性。ESR和CRP作为常用的急性相反应标志物,在多种自身免疫性疾病中均有升高[9-10],在IgG4-RD中是否升高尚存在争议。有研究认为ESR能较好地反映IgG4-RD的活动度[11]。CRP水平升高多见于IgG4相关炎性动脉瘤和慢性主动脉周围炎,而IgG4相关后腹膜纤维化患者CRP多正常[12];但也有研究提示ESR、CRP在IgG4-RD患者中无显著升高[4-5]。综上,ESR、CRP能在某种程度上反映IgG4-RD疾病活动性,ESR优于CRP,但总体特异性较低。
在临床上,IgG4也常常作为IgG4-RD疾病活动的参考标志。但激素治疗后IgG4水平降低不仅见于IgG4-RD患者,也可见于其他疾病患者,如炎症性肠病、自身免疫性肝炎等,故其为非特异性标志物[13]。IgG共分为IgG1~IgG4 4个亚型。研究表明,IgG2亚型也可作为IgG4-RD鉴别诊断的标志物[14]。本研究提示,在活动期IgG4-RD患者中,除了IgG4水平升高外,包含IgG的4个亚型在内的总IgG水平同样显著升高,球蛋白水平也同步升高。IgG4、IgG和球蛋白的表达水平均与IgG4-RD RI活动性评分呈正比。其中,IgG ≥ 11.6 g/L对IgG4-RD疾病活动性评估的敏感度和特异度高达89.1%和82.6%,优于IgG4、球蛋白等其他标志物,可作为临床上简便、高效的评估指标,仅次于IgG4-RD RI。此外,IgG1-3型的表达水平与疾病活动度的关系尚需进一步研究。
本研究发现,活动组患者血清IL-6和sIL-2R两种细胞因子水平均较稳定组显著升高。文献表明,血清sIL-2R和疾病活动性呈正比,可反映疗效[15],与本文结果一致。IL-2/IL2R能促进幼稚T细胞向Th1和Th2细胞分化并维持Th1/Th2平衡[16-17]。Th2细胞在IgG4-RD发病中起重要作用已经得到证实[18-19],故推测IL-2R可能参与了IgG4-RD的发生发展,但具体机制尚不清楚。另一方面,有研究提示血清IL-6水平在IgG4相关血管病变患者中有升高[12],但本研究IL-6水平与疾病活动性的关系为首次报道。本课题组在IgG4-RD患者组织中曾进行IL-6免疫组化染色,证实IL-6在组织中也有表达增高。
IgG4-RD RI是一种评估IgG4-RD疾病活动状况的综合评分,包括各个受累脏器评分和血清IgG4的评分[6]。一项15例IgG4-RD病例的队列研究中,由26位医师对IgG4-RD疾病活动性进行多次评估,通过比较PGA和IgG4-RD RI评分,证实了IgG4-RD RI是一种有效、可靠的活动性评估方法[7]。本文结果与之类似,以IgG4-RD RI ≥ 6作为评判标准,敏感度和特异度分别可达到92.3%和86.5%。
综上,活动期IgG4-RD患者的外周血E%、PLT、ESR、CRP、IgG、IgG4、球蛋白、IL-6和sIL-2R水平显著升高,Hb、血脂水平降低。在IgG4-RD疾病活动性评估中,ESR、IgG、球蛋白、IgG4-RD RI对IgG4-RD疾病活动性的评估具有较高的诊断效率。其中,IgG4-RD RI评分具有最高的诊断效率;IgG也可作为疾病活动性的标志物,敏感度和特异度较高,是临床诊治中可靠、实用的评估方法。
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