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   复旦学报(医学版)  2020, Vol. 47 Issue (5): 647-653      DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2020.05.002
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血清IgG水平和IgG4相关性疾病反应指数在IgG4-RD活动性评估中的应用
纪宗斐1,2,3 , 马玲瑛1,2,3 , 张丽娟1,2,3 , 马莉莉1,2,3 , 陈慧勇1,2,3 , 姜林娣1,2,3     
1. 复旦大学附属中山医院风湿免疫科 上海 200032;
2. 复旦大学循证医学中心 上海 200032;
3. 复旦大学风湿免疫过敏中心 上海 200032
摘要目的 验证IgG4相关性疾病(IgG4-related disease,IgG4-RD)反应指数(responder index,RI)在IgG4-RD疾病活动性评估中的诊断效率,并进一步探索新的生物学标志物。方法 纳入117例符合2012年日本标准的IgG4-RD患者,由3名专科专家通过医师整体评估(physician global assessment,PGA)将患者分为活动组(n=78)和稳定组(n=39)。总结患者的一般情况、临床资料、实验室检查和IgG4-RD RI,分析两组患者一般情况和实验室检查的差异。进一步分析血清标志物及IgG4-RD RI评估IgG4-RD疾病活动性的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和曲线下面积。结果 活动组IgG4-RD患者的外周血嗜酸性粒细胞百分比、血小板、血沉、C反应蛋白、IgG、IgG4、球蛋白、白介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6)和可溶性IL-2受体(soluble IL-2 receptor,sIL2R)较稳定组显著升高;血红蛋白、总胆固醇和甘油三酯显著降低。IgG、IgG4、球蛋白、血沉和sIL-2R水平均与IgG4-RD RI呈正相关(P < 0.05)。IgG4-RD RI和血清IgG水平用于判断疾病活动性的曲线下面积达到0.940和0.916。以IgG4-RD RI ≥ 6为标准,敏感度和特异度分别可达到92.3%和86.5%;以IgG ≥ 11.6 g/L为标准,敏感度和特异度为89.1%和82.6%。结论 在IgG4-RD活动性评估中,IgG4-RD RI评分具有最高的诊断效率,血清IgG水平也可作为疾病活动性的标志物,敏感度和特异度较高,IgG4-RD RI评分和血清IgG水平是临床诊治中可靠、实用的评估方法。
关键词IgG4相关性疾病(IgG4-RD)    IgG4    IgG    球蛋白    反应指数(RI)    
The application of serum IgG and IgG4-related disease responder index in the disease activity assessment of IgG4-RD
JI Zong-fei1,2,3 , MA Ling-ying1,2,3 , ZHANG Li-juan1,2,3 , MA Li-li1,2,3 , CHEN Hui-yong1,2,3 , JIANG Lin-di1,2,3     
1. Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
2. Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
3. Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
Abstract: Objective To verify the diagnostic efficiency of the IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) responder index (RI) in the assessment of IgG4-RD disease activity, and to further explore new comprehensive clinical diagnostic criteria. Methods A total of 117 IgG4-RD patients who met the 2012 diagnosis criteria in Japan were divided into the active group (n=78) and stable group (n=39) by three experts using physician global assessment (PGA).We collected the general situation, clinical data, laboratory tests and IgG4-RD RI of the patients.The differences between the general conditions and laboratory tests of the two groups were analyzed.The serum markers and IgG4-RD RI were further analyzed to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and area under the curve of IgG4-RD disease activity. Results Peripheral blood eosnophils percentage (E%), platelet (PLT), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), IgG, IgG4, globulin, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL2R) in active group were significantly higher than those in the stable group; while hemoglobin, total cholesterol, and triglycerides were significantly reduced.IgG, IgG4, globulin, ESR and sIL-2R levels were positively correlated with IgG4-RD RI (P < 0.05).In the assessement of disease activity, the area under the curve of IgG4-RD RI and serum IgG levels were 0.940 and 0.916, respectively.The sensitivity and specificity were up to 92.3% and 86.5%, respectively for IgG4-RD RI ≥ 6.The sensitivity and specificity were 89.1% and 82.6% for IgG ≥ 11.6 g/L. Conclusion In the assessment of IgG4-RD disease activity, the IgG4-RD RI exhibited the highest diagnostic efficiency.Serum IgG level can also be used as a marker of disease activity, with high sensitivity and specificity.Both IgG4-RD RI and IgG were reliable and practical methods in clinical disease assessment.
Key words: IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD)    IgG4    IgG    globulin    responder index (RI)    

IgG4相关性疾病(IgG4-related disease,IgG4-RD)是一类持续性、非特异性、炎性增殖性自身免疫性疾病,以多发脏器肿大、血清中IgG4升高为特点[1]。该疾病的组织病理学特点为大量淋巴浆细胞浸润、IgG4阳性浆细胞比例显著升高、席纹状纤维化和闭塞性脉管炎[2]。可累及全身所有的器官和脏器,如腺体、眼眶、鼻窦、腹膜后、胰腺、胆管、肺、肾、淋巴结,甚至血管、脑垂体等,致使脏器类似于肿瘤样增生和肿大[3]。严重者可出现肝硬化、肾功能不全及局部脏器压迫症状等,导致患者生活质量显著下降。

近年来,IgG4-RD发病率呈上升趋势,日本报道年发病率达0.28~1.4/10万,现在该疾病受到越来越多的关注。目前在临床中对于该疾病的疾病活动性评估方法主要包括血清IgG4水平、红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR)、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)及IgG4-RD反应指数(IgG4-RD responder index,IgG4-RD RI)。但ESR和CRP等急性相反应标志物缺乏特异性[4-5]。IgG4-RD RI是一种基于各个受累脏器的评估以及血清IgG4水平的综合评估方法,能更好地反映疾病的活动性[6-7],但评估方法较为复杂和费时。

本文拟通过总结117例IgG4-RD患者的临床资料和实验室检查结果,验证IgG4-RD RI在疾病活动性评估中的效能,以进一步探索新的生物学标志物。

资料和方法

研究对象 纳入2015年1月1日—2018年12月31日在复旦大学附属中山医院随访的117例IgG4-RD相关性疾病患者。根据2012年日本分类标准[8],88例经组织病理学检查符合IgG4-RD的病理特点,其中69.3%(61/88)合并血清IgG4水平升高被归为明确的IgG4-RD,30.7%(27/88)血清IgG4水平正常被归为可能的IgG4-RD;另29例患者有临床症状及血清IgG4水平升高,被诊断为可疑的IgG4-RD。患者在临床上同时排除恶性肿感染或其他风湿性疾病,并且在一年以上的随访期内对糖皮质激素治疗有效,故临床综合考虑确诊IgG4-RD。于2019年2月收集患者近期的疾病情况,指标包括患者的一般情况、症状和体征、实验室检查、影像学检查结果和IgG4-RD RI评分[6]

疾病活动性评估  由3位风湿科专家通过医师整体评估(physician global assessment,PGA)将患者进一步分为活动组和稳定组,参考以下标准:(1)影像学检查证实新发脏器肿胀/肿块或原有脏器病变加重;(2)近1个月内出现与IgG4-RD相关的新发症状/体征或先前的症状/体征恶化,可伴或不伴血清IgG4水平升高。患者满足上述标准之一即认为处于活动期(活动组),不满足以上标准则归入稳定组。

统计学方法 患者的性别采用率表示,统计方法采用χ2检验。患者年龄、病程、实验室检查结果等资料中符合正态分布和方差齐性的数据采用x±s表示,用单因素方差分析进行统计。不符合正态分布或方差齐性的数据采用四分位数表示,使用非参数Mann-Whitney U检验。使用Pearson法进行相关性分析。绘制受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线,确定最佳临界值。采用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计分析。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果

基线情况和临床特点  117例患者发病时的基线情况和临床特点见表 1。患者男女比例为94:23,年龄62(54.1~65.8)岁,血清IgG4水平为3.97(1.98~7.82)g/L。常见症状为消化系统症状,其次为眼部症状、腰背痛/下肢水肿、呼吸系统症状、颌下/颈部肿块、耳鼻喉症状、全身症状。73例(62.4%)患者为2个以上脏器受累,最易受累脏器依次为后腹膜和腹腔淋巴结、胰腺、泪腺/眼眶、淋巴结、肺、唾液腺、泌尿系统、胆囊/胆管、鼻/鼻窦、纵膈、盆腔、肠道/肠系膜、脑膜/垂体。受累小于5%的脏器为耳、喉、皮肤、肝、骨髓和心包。

表 1 IgG4-RD患者基线情况和临床特点 Tab 1 The baseline condition and clinical characteristics of the IgG4-RD patients  
(n=117)
Characteristics Value or cases
General information
  Sex (male: female) 94:23
  Age (y) 62 (54.1-65.8)
  Number of involved organs 2 (1-3)
Symptoms and signs
  Serum IgG4 (g/L) 3.97 (1.98-7.82)
  Submandibular/neck mass[n (%)] 18 (15.38)
  Eye manifestation[n (%)] 21 (17.95)
  ENT manifestation[n (%)] 9 (7.69)
  Respiratory system[n (%)] 12 (16.24)
  Digestive system[n (%)] 52 (44.44)
  Low back pain/lower limb edema[n (%)] 21 (17.95)
  Systemic symptoms (fever, fatigue,
weight loss) [n (%)]
4 (3.42)
Involved organs[n (%)]
  Nose/sinus 10 (8.55)
  Ear 4 (3.42)
  Lacrimal gland/orbit 24 (20.51)
  Salivary glands 16 (13.68)
  Throat 1 (0.09)
  Lymph nodes 24 (20.51)
  Lung 20 (17.09)
  Mediastinum 9 (7.69)
  Liver 2 (1.71)
  Pancreas 27 (23.08)
  Gallbladder/biliary duct 11 (9.40)
  Retroperitoneum and abdominal lymph
nodes
60 (51.28)
  Intestine 6 (5.13)
  Urinary system 13 (11.11)
  Pelvic cavity 8 (6.84)
  Skin 1 (0.09)
  Meninges and pituitary 6 (5.13)
  Marrow 2 (1.71)
  Pericardium 1 (0.09)

两组患者一般情况及实验室检查  根据疾病活动性评估,将117例患者分为78例活动期和39例稳定期。两组患者的年龄、性别及受累脏器数差异无统计学意义;稳定组患者病程较长,多为治疗后的患者。两组患者的IgG4-RD RI差异有显著统计学意义(表 2P < 0.001)。

表 2 活动组和稳定组IgG4-RD患者一般情况比较 Tab 2 Comparison of general condition between active group and stable group in patients with IgG4-RD
Item Active group (n=78) Stable group (n=39) P
Sex (male:female) 21:5 31:8 0.869
Age (y) 61 (52.5-65) 62.5 (51-66) 0.462
Disease duration (mo) 6.5 (2.8-17.8) 24 (8-49) 0.028(1)
Number of involved organs 2 (1-3) 2 (1-3) 0.59
IgG4-RD RI 9 (6-12) 2 (1-4) < 0.001(2)
By Chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U test,(1)P < 0.05, (2)P < 0.01.

通过两组IgG4-RD患者实验室检查结果比较(表 3图 1),发现活动组患者外周血嗜酸性粒细胞(eosnophils,E)百分比、血小板(platelet,PLT)、ESR、CRP、IgG、IgG4、球蛋白、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、可溶性IL-2受体(soluble IL-2 receptor,sIL-2R)较稳定组显著升高。活动组血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、总甘油三酯(total triglyceride,TG)水平较稳定组显著降低。稳定组Hb升高提示患者贫血好转,可能与疾病稳定或治疗后营养状况改善相关;血脂升高可能与患者激素治疗的不良反应有关。

表 3 活动组和稳定组IgG4-RD患者实验室检查结果比较 Tab 3 The comparison of laboratory examination results between active group and stable group in patients with IgG4-RD  
[x±s or median (IQR)]
Items Active group (n=78) Stable group (n=39) P
Hb (g/L) 120 (106-131) 136 (120.5-145.5) 0.002(2)
WBC (×109/L) 6.81±1.97 7.59±2.42 0.110
E (%) 2.3 (1.11-4.73) 1.0 (0.20-1.93) 0.001(2)
PLT (×109/L) 237(179.3-302.8) 185 (151-239.5) 0.014(2)
ESR (mm/h) 41 (18-83) 8.5 (3-17.75) < 0.001(2)
CRP (mg/L) 6.4 (1.1-19.7) 1.3 (0.45-5.5) < 0.001(2)
IgG (g/L) 18.01 (13.98-21.91) 10.03 (8.53-11.19) < 0.001(2)
IgG4 (g/L) 3.94 (2.01-7.64) 1.23 (0.53-2.58) < 0.001(2)
IgE (IU/mL) 90 (20-201) 40.5 (10-125.5) 0.118
Albumin (g/L) 37 (36-41.75) 40.5 (38-42) 0.019(1)
Globulin (g/L) 34.5 (27.25-40) 24 (21-26) < 0.001(2)
ALT (U/L) 14 (10-29) 18 (13-30.5) 0.211
AST (U/L) 17 (14-25) 17 (14-22) 0.545
Cr (μmol/L) 76 (66.5-95.5) 75.5 (64-84) 0.426
Uric acid (μmol/L) 314.5 (247.8-393.5) 306 (211.3-389.3) 0.378
C3 (g/L) 0.96±0.27 0.94±0.29 0.743
C4 (g/L) 0.19±0.09 0.18±0.05 0.753
TC (mmol/L) 3.63±0.88 4.44±0.73 0.020(1)
LDL (mmol/L) 2.06 (1.63-2.94) 2.25 (2.02-2.25) 0.533
TG (mmol/L) 1.13±0.45 1.65±0.50 0.005(2)
IL-6 (pg/mL) 7.0 (3.2-12.4) 2.6 (2-4.7) < 0.001(2)
TNF-α (pg/mL) 9.9 (7.5-13.3) 7.45 (5.98-10.05) 0.06
sIL-2R (U/mL) 753.5 (474-1274.8) 398 (270-524) < 0.001(2)
IL-8 (pg/mL) 8.5 (5.5-17.58) 13 (5.85-18) 0.482
CD19+ B cell (%) 10.4 (7.65-14.15) 11.5 (8.0-16.8) 0.804
CD3+ T cell (%) 69.97±9.70 74.07±10.43 0.123
CD4+ T cell (%) 42.81±11.16 42.80±11.33 0.998
CD8+ T cell (%) 23.9 (18.95-29.8) 11.5 (8-16.8) 0.051
CD4+ T cell/CD8+ T cell 1.90 (1.25-2.55) 44.70 (36.20-51.35) 0.301
NK cell (%) 18.7 (10-30.4) 16.3 (9.7-36.75) 0.502
Amyloid protein A (mg/L) 6.2 (2.7-71.1) 5.9 (3.0-14.8) 0.354
One-way ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U test, (1)P < 0.05, (2)P < 0.01.
The active group showed higher level of ESR, CRP, IgG4, globulin, IgG, E%, IL-6, and IL-2R, and lower level of Hb than the stable group, (1)P < 0.01. 图 1 活动组和稳定组IgG4-RD患者部分实验室结果差异散点图 Fig 1 The scatter diagram of partial laboratory examination results between active group and stable group in patients with IgG4-RD

活动性标志物和IgG4-RD RI评分相关性 相关性分析发现,患者IgG及IgG4水平均与IgG4-RD RI呈正比(r=0.522,P < 0.001;r=0.433,P < 0.001,图 2)。此外,球蛋白(r=0.504,P < 0.001)、ESR(r=0.357,P < 0.001)、sIL-2R(r=0.342,P=0.002)与IgG4-RD RI指数均存在正相关。外周血嗜酸性粒细胞百分比(eosnophils percentage,E%)(r=0.263,P=0.017)、CRP(r=0.206,P=0.034)、IL-6(r=0.259,P=0.018,)、Hb(r=-0.217,P=0.04)与IgG4-RD RI相关性较低。

图 2 血清IgG和IgG4均与IgG4-RD RI评分呈正相关(Pearson相关性分析) Fig 2 The level of IgG and IgG4 were both positively correlated with IgG4-RD RI score (Pearson correlation analysis)

IgG4-RD活动性评估标志物的诊断效率 将两组间有显著性差异的实验室检查结果和IgG4-RD RI评分进行临床诊断效能评价,发现IgG ≥ 11.6 g/L和IgG4-RD RI ≥ 6的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值均显著升高(表 4)。进一步绘制ROC曲线,发现ESR、IgG、球蛋白、IgG4-RD RI评分的曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC) > 0.85。以上结果提示IgG可作为疾病活动性的标志物,也进一步验证了IgG4-RD RI评分具有较好的诊断效能。

表 4 IgG4-RD活动性评估标志物的诊断效能及AUC Tab 4 The diagnostic efficiency and AUC of the biomarkers for the assessment of disease activity in IgG4-RD
Biomarkers Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%) Positive predictive value (%) Negative predictive value (%) AUC
ESR ≥ 17 mm/h 78.5 71.8 85.0 62.2 0.850
CRP ≥ 1.8 mg/L 70.4 62.2 78.1 52.3 0.711
IgG4 ≥ 1.9 g/L 78.2 68.4 83.6 60.5 0.774
IgG ≥ 11.6 g/L 89.1 82.6 93.4 73.1 0.918
Hb ≥ 125 g/L 69.0 61.9 45.5 81.3 0.699
E% ≥ 1.5% 69.6 64.3 79.6 51.4 0.718
PLT ≥ 190×109/L 69.4 65.5 79.6 48.6 0.670
Globulin ≥ 27 g/L 79.4 77.8 90.0 60.0 0.906
IL-6 ≥ 3.6 pg/mL 70.9 72.4 83.0 56.8 0.772
sIL-2R ≥ 486 U/mL 75.0 72.4 83.0 61.8 0.793
IgG4-RD RI ≥ 6 92.3 86.5 93.5 84.2 0.940
讨论

本文总结了117例IgG4-RD患者的一般情况和实验室检查结果。发现活动期和稳定期IgG4-RD患者的实验室检查结果存在差异,进一步研究发现:(1)活动组患者外周血E%、PLT、ESR、CRP、IgG、IgG4、球蛋白、IL-6、sIL-2R较稳定组显著升高,Hb、TC、TG水平较稳定组显著降低;(2)ESR、IgG、球蛋白、IgG4-RD RI对IgG4-RD疾病活动性的评估具有较高的诊断效能。IgG可作为疾病活动性的标志物,敏感度和特异度接近IgG4-RD RI评分;(3)IgG、IgG4水平均与IgG4-RD RI呈正比,且相关性较好。

本研究提示ESR和CRP水平在IgG4-RD活动期显著升高,且ESR能较好地反映疾病的活动性。ESR和CRP作为常用的急性相反应标志物,在多种自身免疫性疾病中均有升高[9-10],在IgG4-RD中是否升高尚存在争议。有研究认为ESR能较好地反映IgG4-RD的活动度[11]。CRP水平升高多见于IgG4相关炎性动脉瘤和慢性主动脉周围炎,而IgG4相关后腹膜纤维化患者CRP多正常[12];但也有研究提示ESR、CRP在IgG4-RD患者中无显著升高[4-5]。综上,ESR、CRP能在某种程度上反映IgG4-RD疾病活动性,ESR优于CRP,但总体特异性较低。

在临床上,IgG4也常常作为IgG4-RD疾病活动的参考标志。但激素治疗后IgG4水平降低不仅见于IgG4-RD患者,也可见于其他疾病患者,如炎症性肠病、自身免疫性肝炎等,故其为非特异性标志物[13]。IgG共分为IgG1~IgG4 4个亚型。研究表明,IgG2亚型也可作为IgG4-RD鉴别诊断的标志物[14]。本研究提示,在活动期IgG4-RD患者中,除了IgG4水平升高外,包含IgG的4个亚型在内的总IgG水平同样显著升高,球蛋白水平也同步升高。IgG4、IgG和球蛋白的表达水平均与IgG4-RD RI活动性评分呈正比。其中,IgG ≥ 11.6 g/L对IgG4-RD疾病活动性评估的敏感度和特异度高达89.1%和82.6%,优于IgG4、球蛋白等其他标志物,可作为临床上简便、高效的评估指标,仅次于IgG4-RD RI。此外,IgG1-3型的表达水平与疾病活动度的关系尚需进一步研究。

本研究发现,活动组患者血清IL-6和sIL-2R两种细胞因子水平均较稳定组显著升高。文献表明,血清sIL-2R和疾病活动性呈正比,可反映疗效[15],与本文结果一致。IL-2/IL2R能促进幼稚T细胞向Th1和Th2细胞分化并维持Th1/Th2平衡[16-17]。Th2细胞在IgG4-RD发病中起重要作用已经得到证实[18-19],故推测IL-2R可能参与了IgG4-RD的发生发展,但具体机制尚不清楚。另一方面,有研究提示血清IL-6水平在IgG4相关血管病变患者中有升高[12],但本研究IL-6水平与疾病活动性的关系为首次报道。本课题组在IgG4-RD患者组织中曾进行IL-6免疫组化染色,证实IL-6在组织中也有表达增高。

IgG4-RD RI是一种评估IgG4-RD疾病活动状况的综合评分,包括各个受累脏器评分和血清IgG4的评分[6]。一项15例IgG4-RD病例的队列研究中,由26位医师对IgG4-RD疾病活动性进行多次评估,通过比较PGA和IgG4-RD RI评分,证实了IgG4-RD RI是一种有效、可靠的活动性评估方法[7]。本文结果与之类似,以IgG4-RD RI ≥ 6作为评判标准,敏感度和特异度分别可达到92.3%和86.5%。

综上,活动期IgG4-RD患者的外周血E%、PLT、ESR、CRP、IgG、IgG4、球蛋白、IL-6和sIL-2R水平显著升高,Hb、血脂水平降低。在IgG4-RD疾病活动性评估中,ESR、IgG、球蛋白、IgG4-RD RI对IgG4-RD疾病活动性的评估具有较高的诊断效率。其中,IgG4-RD RI评分具有最高的诊断效率;IgG也可作为疾病活动性的标志物,敏感度和特异度较高,是临床诊治中可靠、实用的评估方法。

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文章信息

纪宗斐, 马玲瑛, 张丽娟, 马莉莉, 陈慧勇, 姜林娣
JI Zong-fei, MA Ling-ying, ZHANG Li-juan, MA Li-li, CHEN Hui-yong, JIANG Lin-di
血清IgG水平和IgG4相关性疾病反应指数在IgG4-RD活动性评估中的应用
The application of serum IgG and IgG4-related disease responder index in the disease activity assessment of IgG4-RD
复旦学报医学版, 2020, 47(5): 647-653.
Fudan University Journal of Medical Sciences, 2020, 47(5): 647-653.
Corresponding author
JIANG Lin-di, E-mail: zsh-rheum@hotmail.com.
基金项目
浦江风湿青年医师培育计划(SPROG201801)
Foundation item
This work was supported by the Shanghai Pujiang Young Rheumatologists Training Program (SPROG201801)

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