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   复旦学报(医学版)  2020, Vol. 47 Issue (4): 628-631, 636      DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2020.04.026
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耐受型树突状细胞(tDCs)对哮喘免疫调节的研究进展
曾瑜真  (综述), 毛若琳 , 陈智鸿  (审校)     
复旦大学附属中山医院呼吸科 上海 200032
摘要:树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DCs)作为专职抗原递呈细胞,通过识别、摄取和提呈过敏原,调节初始CD4+Th细胞分化影响Th1/Th2比例,在启动和控制哮喘免疫反应中起关键作用。动物研究证实,耐受型DCs(tolerogenic dendritic cells,tDCs)主要通过抑制效应T细胞反应及诱导调节性T细胞(Tregulatory cells,Tregs)活化发挥免疫耐受,进而有效缓解气道炎症,成为哮喘免疫治疗应用的理想选择。从哮喘发病的免疫机制上阐明DCs与Th2细胞的相互作用,了解tDCs的功能特征、形成条件、与炎症细胞的作用关系等,将为tDCs用于哮喘临床治疗提供新的理论基础。本文对tDCs的功能特征、tDCs对Th1/Th2比例的调节及其发挥免疫耐受的机制与应用前景进行总结,并对近年来的相关研究进行综述。
关键词耐受型树突状细胞(tDCs)    哮喘    免疫耐受    调节性T细胞(Tregs)    过继免疫    
Research advance on tolerogenic dendritic cells(tDCs)and immunotherapy of asthma
ZENG Yu-zhen , MAO Ruo-lin , CHEN Zhi-hong     
Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
Abstract: As antigen presenting cells, dendritic cells(DCs)play a critical role in initiating and regulating asthma immune responses, by identifying, intaking and presenting allergens, modulating the naïve CD4+ Th cells through influencing Th1/Th2 differentiation proportion. Studies performed in rodents have demonstrated tolerogenic dendritic cells(tDCs) to be promising candidates for immunologic therapy of allergic asthma mainly by inhibition of effector T cell responses and induction of T regulatory cells(Tregs) activation, thus effectively relieving airway inflammation and becoming an ideal choice for immunotherapy of asthma.To elucidate the immune mechanism of asthma from the interaction of DCs and Th2 cells, the functional characteristics, formation conditions, and interaction with inflammatory cells of tDCs are need to be understood, which will provide a new theoretical basis for the application of tDCs in the clinical treatment of asthma.This review gives an overview about the functions of tDCs, the modulation of Th1/Th2 proportion by tDCs, the underlying mechanisms of immune tolerance and the application prospect, and summarizes the recent findings.
Key words: tolerogenic dendritic cells(tDCs)    asthma    immune tolerance    T regulatory cells (Tregs)    adoptive immunotherapy    

树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DCs)是专职的抗原递呈细胞,在激活Th2细胞和过敏性哮喘的发生中起关键作用[1]。在某些条件下DCs也能发挥免疫抑制作用,如使效应T细胞应答能力降低,通过诱导调节性T细胞(T regulatory cells,Tregs)来阻止对吸入抗原的反应,这类DCs被称为耐受型DCs(tolerogenic dendritic cells,tDCs)[2]。许多动物研究证实了tDCs在改善哮喘等炎症性疾病的有效性和可行性,因而应用tDCs调节哮喘免疫反应成为了理想选择。由于传统的治疗方法主要是针对疾病的效应阶段,例如针对气道高反应性(airway hyperresponsiveness,AHR)(使用支气管扩张剂)或炎症反应(使用类固醇)进行对症治疗,然而激素的非特异性免疫抑制性使哮喘得不到根治,且有部分患者存在激素耐受,甚至激素抵抗。深入阐明tDCs的特征、形成条件等,并从哮喘发病的免疫机制上阐明DCs与哮喘Th2细胞的相互作用,将为tDCs临床应用于调节哮喘患者体内免疫反应提供新的理论基础,从而为激素耐受或激素抵抗的哮喘患者寻求新的治疗方式。本文对近年来tDCs对哮喘免疫调节作用的研究进展作一综述。

DCs的表型和功能特征  DCs是高度异质性细胞群,未成熟DCs(imature DCs,iDCs)摄取及加工处理抗原能力强而抗原递呈功能弱,诱导T细胞无能或免疫耐受[1],例如黏膜DCs处于不成熟状态,抗原递呈效率低,具有典型的免疫耐受性[3];成熟DCs(mature DCs, mDCs)主要由iDCs摄取抗原后转化而来,抗原递呈功能强,mDCs表面CD80、CD86、CD40等共刺激分子及主要组织相容性复合体二类分子(major histocompatibility complex-classⅡ, MHC-Ⅱ)表达上调,通过递呈抗原激活初始T细胞,诱发抗原特异性免疫应答[1, 4],mDCs的激活是TH2和TH17细胞分化的关键[5]。DCs的功能特性取决于成熟状态,然而DCs的成熟状态并不能完全决定其诱导Tregs调节免疫应答的潜力,其表达的共刺激或共抑制分子水平也会影响由此产生的免疫反应[2]。与iDCs相比,mDCs可诱导特定的成熟标记物(如CD83)、共刺激分子(如CD80或CD86)表达上调,也可诱导共刺激分子配体(inducible co-stimulator ligand,ICOSL)表达相对下调[1]

tDCs常表现为未成熟或半成熟表型,有研究显示未成熟的小鼠骨髓源tDCs特征是低表达MHC-Ⅱ和CD83,高表达吲哚胺-2,3-双加氧酶(indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase,IDO)、Toll样受体-2(Toll-like receptor,TLR-2),分泌抗炎因子IL-10、TGF-β增多[6]。研究显示ICOS/ICOSL、Oxford 40(OX40)/Oxford 40 ligand(OX40L)共刺激通路能调节人和小鼠免疫耐受,促进tDCs诱导Tregs产生[1, 7-8]。浆细胞样DCs(plasmacytoid DCs,pDCs)是DCs的一种亚型,它在一定条件下能分化成为tDCs,具备诱导免疫耐受的特性。未经过刺激或被选择性激活时,pDCs表达IDO、ICOSL、OX40L、程序性细胞死亡配体1(programmed cell-death 1 ligand 1,PD-L1)增加,对无害抗原形成耐受[9]。在外周组织摄取抗原后的pDCs通过趋化性细胞因子受体9(chemokine cytokine receptor 9,CCR9)迁移到胸腺,诱导抗原特异性T细胞无能,抑制免疫反应[10]。过继转移致敏供者的pDCs能减轻屋尘螨(house dust mite,HDM)介导的气道炎症,给哮喘小鼠过继转移pDCs也能通过诱导Tregs增殖来抑制AHR[11-12]

tDCs在调节哮喘Th1/Th2免疫平衡中的作用  哮喘的经典发病机制是Th1/Th2细胞比例失衡,Th2型细胞因子(如IL-4、IL-5、IL-13)分泌增加,气道嗜酸性粒细胞浸润。在免疫应答过程中,不同亚群及状态的DCs均能影响Th1/Th2细胞比例及细胞因子和表面分子的表达。其他刺激因素也会影响DCs对Th细胞分化方向的调节,实验发现CD80和CD86双敲除的DCs呈耐受表型,可以调节哮喘模型小鼠Th1/Th2细胞因子分泌水平,表现为分泌IFN-γ增加,IL-4减少,Th1/Th2比例失衡[13]。我们之前的研究证明,活化DCs产生的IL-27能够不依赖于IFN-γ和IL-10抑制Th2细胞分化[14]。上述研究结果表明tDCs在调节和改善哮喘Th1/Th2免疫平衡方面发挥了积极作用。

2型固有淋巴细胞(type-2 innate lymphiod cells,ILC2s)被认为是黏膜组织中Th2型细胞因子的重要来源,可导致气道嗜酸粒细胞浸润和AHR,临床数据显示哮喘患者外周血ILC2s百分比显著增加[15],而活化的pDCs能通过1型干扰素(interferon-1,IFN-1)抑制ILC2s,减轻ILC2s介导的气道嗜酸性炎症和AHR[16]。这些结果均表明在气道炎症中利用tDCs的免疫耐受和抗炎功能,可能是哮喘免疫治疗的潜在新策略。

tDCs发挥免疫耐受作用的机制  tDCs能通过多种免疫抑制机制诱导耐受,包括分泌免疫调节介质,抑制效应T细胞功能以及诱导Tregs产生。抗炎因子IL-10和TGF-β分泌增多是tDCs诱导耐受的因素。Maazi等[16]发现IL-10通过促进信号转导与转录激活因子(signal transducers and activators of transcription 3, STAT3)磷酸化,增强Tregs的表型和功能;此外,IL-10能抑制T细胞的PI3K/Akt信号通路,增强叉头转录因子(forkhead box O1,Fox O1)基因活性,Fox O1则进一步增强Tregs的功能。IL-10培养的DCs(DC10s)表面成熟分子CD83、CCR7和MHC-Ⅱ表达减少, 免疫球蛋白样转录子(immunoglobulin like transcript,ILT)家族中ILT2、ILT3和ILT4表达增加,研究显示这些抑制性受体均参与诱导免疫耐受[18]。Fanny等[19]提出DC10s相关的可溶性CD25能有效抑制活化的T细胞增殖,阻断CD25后DC10s对Tregs的诱导作用明显减弱。tDCs致耐受机制是否依赖于TGF-β尚不清楚[20],但有研究结果表明,TGF-β能使tDCs诱导的耐受作用加强。Sun等[21]研究发现非经典NF-κB信号通路能诱导DCs表达IDO1,从而有效抑制T细胞增殖和由此引起的免疫反应。此外,MHC-Ⅱ和共刺激分子的缺失或减少、免疫调节分子[如PD-L1/2、细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关性抗原4(cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4, CTLA-4)和ILT-3/4]的表达或死亡受体配体[如肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, TRAIL)及凋亡相关因子配体(factor related apoptosis ligand,FASL)]的表达增加均参与tDCs发挥免疫耐受作用[13, 22-23]

tDCs在哮喘免疫调节中的应用前景  2001年Steinman团队首次将tDCs应用于人类,结果显示受试者对皮下注射负载抗原的人未成熟DCs耐受良好,该法能有效抑制抗原特异性CD8+ T细胞反应长达6个月,首次证明DCs在人体内的致耐受潜力[24]。多种动物模型研究也证实tDCs在炎症、自身免疫、变态反应性疾病中诱导耐受的重要作用[25-26]

理论上,免疫调节是有希望根治哮喘的新方法和新热点,干预气道DCs的免疫学活性已成为哮喘免疫学改善的关键。Li等[27]将入组哮喘患者的单核细胞来源DCs与IL-10培养后, 发现其能显著诱导Foxp3+Tregs,从而抑制TH2免疫反应。Escobar等[28]研究发现,来自天然乳胶过敏患者的DCs在地塞米松诱导下能调节过敏原特异性T细胞反应和IgE的产生。Kim等[29]通过动物实验发现,与单纯口服鼠李糖乳杆菌35(lactobacillus rhamnosus,Lcr35)相比,过继转移Lcr35处理的DCs给哮喘小鼠可以显著抑制其气道炎症。魏佳伟等[30]对卵清蛋白(ovalbumin,OVA)致敏小鼠经尾静脉过继骨髓源DCs后发现,小鼠肺泡灌洗液Th2型炎症因子表达下降,肺Tregs表达上调。我们团队预实验也表明,将脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)活化的骨髓源DCs经腹腔过继给受鼠,可以保护小鼠免遭OVA致敏的过敏性气道炎症,证明LPS可诱导tDC, 并可用于OVA-哮喘模型的治疗,提示该方法的有效性及可能的临床应用前景。这些研究结果表明,通过某些特定因素诱导的tDCs更能发挥DCs在哮喘中的免疫调节作用。

tDCs在哮喘领域的Ⅰ/Ⅱ期试验研究正在进行中[31],tDCs应用的安全性和可行性在许多疾病中也得到了普遍证明。如何确定将tDCs应用到哮喘免疫调节中的诱导方案、过继免疫途径和剂量等还有待深入研究。另外,如何在炎症条件下维持tDCs的耐受表型是未来临床应用的一大难点。由于tDCs表达多种模式识别受体及细胞因子受体,这些受体在炎症环境中很可能会被激活,故临床适用的tDCs在输入患者体内前必须进行严格的稳定性测试,以评估炎症信号对tDCs耐受表型的影响[32]。Boks等[18]在临床应用的DCs研究中,分别用维生素D3、IL-10、地塞米松、雷帕霉素、TGF-β诱导tDCs,结果显示DC10s表现出强致耐受性,能产生更多的IL-10,并且在功能抑制实验中只有DC10s诱导的Tregs强烈抑制T细胞反应,因此DC10s可能是最具临床潜力的tDCs。

结语  在哮喘治疗学研究中, tDCs能够通过诱导或增强抗原特异性Tregs来调节免疫平衡,应用tDCs治疗或构建靶向DCs的新型分子药物,将有望给哮喘的防治带来新的方向。目前将tDCs过继给哮喘小鼠来发挥免疫调节作用已取得了令人欣喜的结果,但临床试验的研究尚未成熟。应加强tDCs抑制哮喘过敏性炎症的免疫机制、tDCs的诱导条件、给药途径和趋化方式等方面的基础研究,从而为将来tDCs用于哮喘临床治疗提供理论基础。

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文章信息

曾瑜真, 毛若琳, 陈智鸿
ZENG Yu-zhen, MAO Ruo-lin, CHEN Zhi-hong
耐受型树突状细胞(tDCs)对哮喘免疫调节的研究进展
Research advance on tolerogenic dendritic cells(tDCs)and immunotherapy of asthma
复旦学报医学版, 2020, 47(4): 628-631, 636.
Fudan University Journal of Medical Sciences, 2020, 47(4): 628-631, 636.
Corresponding author
CHEN Zhi-hong, E-mail:953411093@qq.com.
基金项目
国家自然科学基金面上项目(201840288)
Foundation item
This work was supported by the General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (201840288)

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