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   复旦学报(医学版)  2020, Vol. 47 Issue (4): 560-566, 627      DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2020.04.015
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食管癌根治术后急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的死亡危险因素分析
邢茜1,3 , 董静2,3 , 李方方1,3 , 申丽华1,3 , 王朋妹1,3 , 张珊1,3 , 朱彪1,3     
1. 复旦大学附属肿瘤医院麻醉科重症监护室 上海 200032;
2. 复旦大学附属肿瘤医院麻醉科 上海 200032;
3. 复旦大学上海医学院肿瘤学系 上海 200032
摘要目的 分析食管癌根治术后急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)患者的死亡危险因素,以评估预后及降低死亡率。方法 对复旦大学附属肿瘤医院重症监护室(intensive care unit,ICU)2014年1月至2019年6月连续收治的97例食管癌根治术后ARDS患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据其90天生存情况将其分为存活组(n=76)和死亡组(n=21),采用单因素相关性分析、多因素Logistic回归对组间各临床资料的差异进行比较以探求独立的死亡危险因素,使用R软件构建列线图(nomogram)并进行bootstrap验证。结果 97例患者的90天死亡率为21.65%。单因素分析显示存活组和死亡组在机械通气天数、是否行连续肾脏替代治疗、是否合并术后吻合口瘘及入ICU时的快速序贯器官衰竭评分(quick sequential organ failure assessment,qSOFA)、氧合指数、C反应蛋白、降钙素原、白蛋白、前白蛋白、视黄醇结合蛋白(retinol-binding protein,RBP)、转铁蛋白的差异有统计学意义。进一步行多因素Logistic后退法回归分析发现合并术后吻合口瘘和qSOFA评分是食管癌根治术后ARDS的死亡独立危险因素,RBP是独立保护因素。结论 qSOFA评分越高、合并术后吻合口瘘、入ICU时的RBP水平越低,食管癌术后合并ARDS患者的死亡风险越高。由此,早期可以应用qSOFA评分预测食管癌术后ARDS患者的预后,增强术后营养支持、预防吻合口瘘的发生可能可以降低食管癌根治术后ARDS的死亡率。
关键词食管肿瘤    食管癌根治术    急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)    死亡率    危险因素    
Risk factors of mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS)after radical resection of esophageal carcinoma
XING Qian1,3 , DONG Jing2,3 , LI Fang-fang1,3 , SHEN Li-hua1,3 , WANG Peng-mei1,3 , ZHANG Shan1,3 , ZHU Biao1,3     
1. Department of Anesthesiology Intensive Care Unit, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China;
2. Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China;
3. Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
Abstract: Objective To analyze the risk factors of mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) after radical surgery of esophageal carcinoma, so as to evaluate its prognosis and lower the mortality. Methods We retrospectively included 97 patients treated in the intensive care unit (ICU)of Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University between Jan.2014 and Jun.2019, accepting mechanical ventilation support because of ARDS after radical resection of esophagus carcinoma.Clinical data were collected from the patients' electronic medical records. All the patients were divided into 2 groups, survivors (n=76) and non-survivors (n=21), according to their 90-day mortality. Univariate correlation analysis and multivariate Logistic regression analysis were used for the clinical data to identify the independent risk factors for mortality.And we used R software to construct a nomogram and verify bootstrap. Results The 90-day mortality of the 97 patients was 21.65%.Comparisons of the survivors and non-survivors group indicated significant statistical differences in mechanical ventilation days, continuous renal replacement therapy, postoperative anastomotic fistula, quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA)score, as well as the value of oxygenation index, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, albumin, prealbumin, retinol-binding protein (RBP) and transferrin.Multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that postoperative anastomotic fistula and qSOFA score were independent risk factors of mortality in patients with ARDS after radical resection of esophageal carcinoma, while RBP played a role of protective independent factor, which was also demonstrated by nomogram. Conclusion The patients with ARDS after radical resection of esophageal carcinoma would have higher mortality if they had higher qSOFA score or lower RBP, or they complicated with anastomotic fistulas.As a result, the qSOFA score could predict the prognosis of patients with ARDS after radical resection of esophageal carcinoma.Strengthening postoperative nutritional support and preventing the incidence of anastomotic fistulas may help to reduce the mortality of such patients.
Key words: esophageal carcinoma    radical resection of esophageal carcinoma    acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)    mortality    risk factors    

食管癌是全球第9位高发肿瘤,也是肿瘤相关死亡的第六大原因[1]。2018年全球有57.2万食管癌初诊患者,另有50.9万患者死于食管癌;我国食管癌发病率和死亡率排在全球第5位[2]。食管癌根治术是食管癌的重要治疗手段[1]。而术后呼吸系统并发症与围术期死亡率呈显著相关,其中急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)是最常见的原因[3]。各种肺内及肺外病因,如休克、肺炎、误吸、大量输血、非肺炎脓毒症等,均可导致ARDS。ARDS是呼吸系统危重症,表现为进行性加重的呼吸困难和低氧血症,导致呼吸衰竭,死亡率高达20%[4]。降低其死亡率是食管癌根治术围术期管理的重点和难点。基于此,本研究旨在通过回顾性分析97例食管癌根治术后ARDS患者的临床资料,探求影响其死亡的危险因素。

资料和方法

研究对象与资料采集  2014年1月至2019年6月复旦大学附属肿瘤医院共完成约4 818例食管癌手术,期间重症监护室(intensive care unit,ICU)连续收治的407例食管癌根治术后患者。经医院伦理委员会批准,进行回顾性分析。从中筛选出97例合并ARDS并接受机械通气的患者,统计其诊断ARDS后90天死亡情况,据此将其分为存活组(n=76)和死亡组(n=21)。机械通气治疗采用肺保护性通气策略:小潮气量(4~8 mL/kg理想体重)、低吸气压(平台压 < 30 cmH2O)、合适的PEEP。本研究中的ARDS患者机械通气过程中均未使用肌松药镇静。统计并记录两组患者的临床指标,包括年龄、性别、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、吸烟史、高血压史、糖尿病史、术前90天放化疗史、术前肺功能一秒率、美国麻醉医师协会分级、麻醉方式、开放或胸腔镜(video-assisted thoracic surgery,VATS)手术、手术时间、术中及术后24 h总输液量、肿瘤部位、肿瘤病理类型、肿瘤TNM分期、手术与出现呼吸困难症状的间隔天数、入ICU时急性生理与慢性健康评分、机械通气天数、是否连续肾脏替代治疗(continuous renal replacement therapy,CRRT)、是否再次气管插管、是否再次手术、是否感染相关的ARDS、是否合并术后吻合口瘘、ICU住院天数;入ICU时的实验室指标,包括氧合指数PaO2/FiO2、白细胞计数、C反应蛋白、降钙素原、血红蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白、视黄醇结合蛋白(retinol-binding protein,RBP)、转铁蛋白、24 h尿素氮;并根据入ICU时情况进行快速序贯器官衰竭评分(quick sequential organ failure assessment, qSOFA)。比较两组患者上述因素的差异并进行多因素分析。

纳入标准与排除标准  ARDS患者的纳入标准依据柏林定义[5],满足以下条件:新发的呼吸症状或1周内症状加重;X线或CT扫描示双肺致密影且不能完全用胸腔积液、肺不张或结节解释;不能完全用心衰或液体超负荷解释的呼吸衰竭,必要时完善心脏超声等排除心源性肺水肿;PaO2/FiO2≤300 mmHg且最小PEEP或CPAP为5 cm H2O(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)。

诊断吻合口瘘的途径:口服亚甲蓝观察引流液有无染色;口服造影剂行影像学检查观察造影剂渗漏;内镜检查有无瘘口。

排除标准:年龄小于18岁;临床资料不全;术前即存在呼吸衰竭,未吸氧情况下PaO2 < 60 mmHg。

统计学处理  应用SPSS 23.0进行数据统计分析处理。计数资料用例数、率或百分数描述;组间比较时频数超过5的组采用χ2检验,不超过5的采用Fisher's精确检验。根据Kolmogorov-Smirnov(K-S)检验判断计量资料是否服从正态分布,根据方差齐性检验判断计量资料的方差齐性。计量资料服从正态分布的用x±s描述,组间比较采用独立样本t检验;不服从正态分布的用中位数、四分位数描述,组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验;P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。将有统计学意义的单因素纳入多元Logistic后退法回归分析筛选出有意义的变量作为独立影响因素。使用R软件对其整合绘制列线图(nomogram),并用Harrell一致性指数(c-index)检验模型准确性。

结果

一般资料  符合入选标准的患者共97例。其中男87例,女10例;中位年龄为66(61~71)岁;平均BMI为(22.17±3.33) kg/m2;74.23%有吸烟史,30.93%有高血压史,9.28%有糖尿病史,19.59%有术前90天放化疗史。32.99%的患者接受全身麻醉,67.01%接受全麻联合硬膜外麻醉;VATS和开放手术分别占12.37%和87.63%;中位手术时间为3(3~4)h。95.88%患者为鳞癌;上段、中段、下段食管肿瘤分别占5.15%、59.80%和35.05%。中位机械通气天数为8(4~18)天;中位ICU住院时间为15(8~30)天。4.12%的患者ICU期间接受CRRT治疗;6.19%接受2次气管插管;15.46%的患者食管癌术后又接受了至少1次的手术治疗。40.21%的患者被证实合并术后吻合口瘘,包括4例早期(术后0~3天)、29例中期(术后4~14天)、6例晚期(术后14天以上)吻合口瘘。ARDS的病因包括肺炎52例(53.61%),非肺炎性脓毒症32例(32.99%),失血性休克7例(7.22%),误吸5例(5.15%),心跳骤停后复苏1例(1.03%)。91.75%患者并发ARDS的原因与感染相关。最常见的感染部位是下呼吸道(44.8%)和胸腔内吻合口瘘口(44.0%);92.8%的致病菌株属于革兰氏阴性菌,菌株数排名前三的分别为鲍曼不动杆菌(24.0%)、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(21.6%)和铜绿假单胞菌(21.6%)。21例死亡患者中,肺炎、非肺炎性脓毒症、失血性休克、误吸、心跳骤停后复苏分别占38.10%、38.10%、9.52%、9.52%和4.76%(表 1)。

表 1 感染相关的食管癌术后ARDS患者的病原学特点 Tab 1 Etiologic characteristics of patients with infection related ARDS after radical resection of esophageal carcinoma 
[n(%)]
Sites Anastomotic leak Lower respiratory Blood stream Total
Gastroesophageal Cervical
G-bacteria 49 (39.2) 3 (2.4) 54 (43.2) 10 (8.0) 116 (92.8)
 Acinetobacter baumannii 13 (10.4) 1 (0.8) 12 (9.6) 4 (3.2) 30 (24.0)
 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 11 (8.8) 0 (0) 14 (11.2) 2 (1.6) 27 (21.6)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10 (8.0) 2 (1.6) 14 (11.2) 1 (0.8) 27 (21.6)
 Klebsiella pneumoniae 8 (6.4) 0 (0) 9 (7.2) 2 (1.6) 19 (15.2)
 Escherichia coli 2 (1.6) 0 (0) 4 (3.2) 0 (0) 6 (4.8)
 Enterobacter cloacae 2 (1.6) 0 (0) 1 (0.8) 0 (0) 3 (2.4)
 Others 3 (2.4) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (0.8) 4 (3.2)
G+bacteria 4 (3.2) 0 (0) 1 (0.8) 1 (0.8) 6 (4.8)
 Staphylococcus aureus 2 (1.6) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (0.8) 3 (2.4)
 Enterococcus faecium 2 (1.6) 0 (0) 1 (0.8) 0 (0) 3 (2.4)
Fungal 2 (1.6) 0 (0) 1 (0.8) 0 (0) 3 (2.4)
 Candida albicans 2 (1.6) 0 (0) 1 (0.8) 0 (0) 3 (2.4)
Total 55 (44.0) 3 (2.4) 56 (44.8) 11 (8.8) 125 (100)

单因素分析  临床指标的单因素分析显示(表 2),入ICU时qSOFA评分(P=0.010)、机械通气天数(P=0.046)、是否CRRT(P=0.031)、是否合并术后吻合口瘘(P=0.048)差异有统计学意义。高qSOFA评分的、机械通气时间长的、进行CRRT的、合并术后吻合口瘘的患者死亡率更高。

表 2 生存组和死亡组患者临床指标的比较 Tab 2 Baseline characteristics between survivors and non-survivors 
[mean or n(%)]
Characteristics 90-day Mortality
Survivors Non-survivors P
Age (y) 66.00 (61.00-71.00) 67.00 (62.50-72.00) 0.542
Gender 0.076a
 Male 66 (86.8) 21 (100.0)
 Female 10 (13.2) 0 (0.0)
BMI (kg/m2) 22.33±3.45 21.61±2.88 0.380
Smoking 0.271a
 Yes 54 (71.1) 17 (81.0)
 No 22 (28.9) 4 (19.0)
HBP 0.698
 Yes 22 (28.9) 7 (33.3)
 No 54 (71.1) 14 (66.7)
DM 0.448a
 Yes 7 (9.2) 1 (4.8)
 No 69 (90.8) 20 (95.2)
Chemoradiotherapy 0.182
 Yes 12 (15.8) 6 (28.6)
 No 64 (84.2) 15 (71.4)
 FEV1/FVC (%) 78.00 (75.00-80.31) 75.84 (74.02-78.82) 0.066
ASA classification 0.182
 Ⅰ 64 (84.2) 15 (71.4)
 Ⅱ 12 (15.8) 6 (28.6)
Anaesthesia 0.312a
 GA 27 (35.5) 5 (23.8)
 GA+EA 49 (64.5) 16 (76.2)
Surgical approach 0.114a
 Open 68 (89.5) 16 (76.2)
 VATS 8 (10.5) 5 (23.8)
 Operation duration (h) 3.00 (2.63-4.00) 3.50 (3.00-4.25) 0.176
 Perioperative fluid in 1st 24 h (mL) 4 069.86±749.29 4 014.29±937.97 0.777
Tumor location 0.105a
 Upper 2 (2.6) 3 (14.3)
 Lower 29 (38.2) 5 (23.8)
 Middle 45 (59.2) 13 (61.9)
T stage 0.171a
 1 16 (21.1) 3 (14.3)
 2 22 (28.9) 3 (14.3)
 3 35 (46.1) 12 (57.1)
 4 3 (3.9) 3 (14.3)
N stage 0.993a
 0 38 (50.0) 10 (47.6)
 1 22 (28.9) 6 (28.6)
 2 10 (13.2) 3 (14.3)
 3 6 (7.9) 2 (9.5)
qSOFA score (h0) 0.01a
  < 2 44 (57.9) 5 (23.8)
 ≥2 31 (40.8) 5 (23.8)
 3 32 (42.1) 16 (76.2)
APACHE-Ⅱ score (h0) 12.00 (8.00-15.00) 12.00 (8.50-20.00) 0.301
Days between ARDS and operation (d) 4.00 (3.00-6.00) 6.00 (3.00-8.00) 0.283
Length of mechanical ventalition (d) 7.00 (4.00-14.75) 12.00 (6.00-25.00) 0.046
Reintubation 0.386a
 0 72 (94.7) 19 (90.5)
 1 4 (5.3) 2 (9.5)
Reoperation 0.741a
 0 62 (81.6) 17 (81.0)
 ≥1 14 (18.4) 4 (19.0)
CRRT 0.031a
 Yes 1 (1.3) 3 (14.3)
 No 75 (98.7) 18 (85.7)
Infection related ARDS 0.234a
 Yes 71 (93.4) 18 (85.7)
 No 5 (6.6) 3 (14.3)
Postoperative leak 0.048
 Yes 28 (36.8) 13 (61.9)
 No 48 (63.2) 8 (38.1)
Length of ICU stay (d) 14.50 (8.00-29.50) 20.00 (8.00-32.00) 0.608
Hospital days (d) 39.50 (26.25-64.75) 35.00 (22.00-45.00) 0.104
aFisher's exact test was used.BMI:Body mass index; HBP:High blood pressure; DM:Diabetes mellitus; FEV1/FVC:Forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced volume vital capacity ratio; ASA:American society of anesthesiologists; GA:General anesthesia; EA:Epidural anesthesia; VATS:Video-assisted thoracic surgery; qSOFA:Quick sequential organ failure assessment; APACHE-Ⅱ:Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ; ARDS:Acute respiratory distress syndrome; CRRT:Continuous renal replacement therapy; ICU:Intensive care unit.

入ICU时实验室结果的单因素分析显示(表 3),存活组与死亡组患者在PaO2/FiO2 (P=0.000)、CRP (P=0.005)、PCT(P=0.002)、ALB (P=0.005)、PAB (P=0.000)、RBP (P=0.000)、TF (P=0.012)差异有统计学意义。低PaO2/FiO2、高CRP、高PCT、低ALB、低PAB、低RBP、低TF的患者死亡率更高。

表 3 生存组和死亡组患者实验室结果的比较 Tab 3 Laboratory values of 97 patients according to survival between survivors and non-survivors 
[mean (IQR) or x±s]
Characteristics 90-day Mortality (%)
Survivors Non-survivors P
PaO2/FiO2 (mmHg) 126.00 (106.00-145.75) 92.00 (81.00-111.50) 0.000
WBC (×109/L) 12.30 (9.50-16.93) 11.30 (6.95-16.65) 0.206
CRP (mg/L) 188.65 (127.88-261.40) 275.30 (192.70-481.80) 0.005
PCT (ng/mL) 1.59 (0.65-5.30) 4.70 (2.65-23.76) 0.002
HGB (g/L) 107.46±24.68 107.38±24.58 0.990
ALB (g/L) 32.37±4.65 29.10±4.35 0.005
PAB (mg/L) 170.60±74.09 98.43±57.1 0.000
RBP (mg/L) 16.00 (13.00-18.00) 9.00 (7.05-13.50) 0.000
TF (g/L) 0.97±0.21 0.79±0.29 0.012
24 h BUN (mmol/L) 512.37±135.08 510.87±119.97 0.963
WBC:White blood cell; CRP:C-reactive protein; PCT:Procalcitonin; HGB:Hemoglobin; ALB:Albumin; PAB:Prealbumin; RBP:Retinol-binding protein; TF:Transferrin; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen.

多因素Logistic回归分析  将上述差异有统计学意义的因素进行多因素Logistic后退法回归分析。如表 4所示,入ICU时qSOFA评分(OR= 36.417,95%CI:2.753~481.704,P=0.006)、合并术后吻合口瘘(OR=20.863,95%CI:1.121~388.148,P=0.042)是食管癌根治术后ARDS患者死亡的独立危险因素,而入ICU时RBP (OR=0.630,95%CI:0.456~0.869,P=0.005)是独立保护因素。

表 4 ARDS相关死亡率的多因素分析 Tab 4 Multivariate analysis of factors related to the ARDS-associated mortality
Factors OR 95%CI P
Perioperative fluid in first 24 h
(mL)
1.000 0.999-1.001 0.530
qSOFA score 36.417 2.753-481.704 0.006
Length of mechanical ventalition (d) 1.061 0.994-1.134 0.077
CRRT 0.046 0.001-2.859 0.144
Postoperative leak 20.863 1.121-388.148 0.042
PaO2/FiO2(mmHg) 0.970 0.932-1.009 0.131
CRP (mg/L) 0.998 0.991-1.004 0.451
PCT (ng/mL) 1.050 0.995-1.108 0.073
ALB (g/L) 1.066 0.864-1.315 0.551
PAB (mg/L) 0.988 0.969-1.008 0.233
RBP (mg/L) 0.630 0.456-0.869 0.005
TF (g/L) 1.460 0.043-49.059 0.833
Abbreviations as in Tab 2 and Tab 3.

列线图  使用R软件调用“nomogram”函数,依据上述独立影响因素的回归系数,建立列线图(图 1),根据相应变量的影响水平,给出相关因子的得分,然后计算个体总得分,预测个体的死亡概率。运用Bootstrap法计算c-index为0.722,一致性较高。

Abbreviations as in Tab 2 and Tab 3. 图 1 食管癌术后ARDS患者死亡影响因素列线图 Fig 1 Nomogram predicting risk factors of mortality in patients with ARDS after radical resection of esophageal carcinoma
讨论

我国是食管癌高发地区,尽管病死率位居全球第5,但死亡人数接近全球总人数的一半。我国食管癌以胸中段、鳞癌居多,食管癌根治术多选用Ivor-Lewis、McKeown术式,为了追求手术效果,不可避免地造成手术创伤大、术后并发症多,ARDS是最严重的并发症之一。本研究表明,入ICU时qSOFA评分、合并术后吻合口瘘是食管癌根治术后ARDS患者死亡的独立危险因素,而入ICU时RBP水平是独立保护因素。

吻合口瘘是食管癌根治术的常见并发症,与住院时间延长、生活质量降低、医疗花销及死亡率增加相关。吻合口瘘严重程度各异,可从无症状,到脓毒症,甚至多器官功能衰竭[6]。食管浆膜层缺乏、肌层薄弱、血供不丰富、组织韧性差,是并发吻合口瘘的解剖因素。由胃液和胆汁组成的消化液通过瘘口进入胸腔或其他间隙,促进炎症细胞的迁移和聚集,各种抑炎及促炎因子大量释放,激活炎症级联瀑布反应甚至引起脓毒症,炎性物质介导下肺泡毛细血管内皮细胞损伤致使肺血管通透性增加,导致ARDS的发生。有研究证实了食管癌术后吻合口瘘是ARDS发生的独立危险因素,积极引流抗感染是降低死亡率的关键[7]

本研究中ARDS合并吻合口瘘患者的首位死因是非肺炎脓毒症(7/11)。Li等[8]的回顾性研究发现出血性休克和脓毒症是吻合口瘘相关死亡的最常见原因,与本研究的结果吻合。Li等[9]将食管癌术后合并ARDS患者按照是否合并吻合口瘘分组,发现吻合口瘘组死亡率高于非瘘组,认为吻合口瘘合并的细菌和真菌感染诱发了ARDS。而Zingg等[3]的回顾性研究以ARDS、吻合口瘘为变量进行回归分析,指出术后合并ARDS,而非吻合口瘘,是肺部并发症相关死亡的独立危险因素[3]。这与本研究结果不符,可能是因为该研究以食管癌微创手术为主,吻合口瘘的发生率较低,其相关的肺部并发症的样本量较小。

qSOFA评分是第三届国际脓毒症大会提出的概念[10]。其可以简单易行地评估ICU感染患者的预后[11]。但对感染不明确患者,其灵敏性和特异度却备受质疑[12]。Nakayama等[13]的研究认为,对于可疑脓毒症患者,qSOFA≥2分与住院死亡率未见显著关联,而一些合并血流感染的免疫抑制或肿瘤患者qSOFA < 2分。肿瘤患者的营养状况及免疫状态差,合并脓毒症时并发症的发生率及其死亡率更高,一项针对肿瘤患者的回顾性研究表明,qSOFA能较好地预测ICU可疑感染的肿瘤患者的死亡率[14]。也有文献回顾性研究了可疑感染的心胸外科ICU患者,认为qSOFA对院内死亡率的预测效果与以往的评分系统无明显差异[15]。需要说明的是,本研究中胸外科术后转入ICU的肿瘤患者病情较重,qSOFA≥2分的样本数较多,为了避免统计偏倚我们将qSOFA分值分为3组来统计分析。

食管癌患者多在术前即存在不同程度的进食困难和消瘦,术后在手术创伤、感染、应激的多重打击下,机体处于高分解代谢状态,加重营养不良,而营养不良是食管癌术后吻合口瘘发生的重要危险因素。RBP由肝细胞及脂肪细胞合成,在营养状态改变的早期即发生变化,与氮平衡的相关性亦高于白蛋白和转铁蛋白,是反映营养状态灵敏且特异的指标。此外研究指出血浆RBP与危重症患者的肝肾功能损害、胰岛素抵抗、脓毒症的发生相关,可以预测危重症患者的预后[16]。本研究中已排除了急慢性肾衰竭的患者,避免RBP因肾功能不全造成的偏倚。Kanekiyo等[17]的前瞻性随机对照试验发现营养增强组的食管癌术后患者RBP水平更高,术后感染等并发症发生率更低,这与图 1的结论一致,RBP水平的升高是食管癌术后ARDS患者死亡的保护性因素。因此越来越多的学者把目光放在了食管癌术后营养支持,把RBP作为评估营养疗效的指标。早期进行肠内营养可以从以下几方面减少食管癌术后并发症的发生率:减少肠道菌群移位;保护完整的肠黏膜屏障功能,避免毒素吸收所致营养消耗;增加经肠系膜静脉进入门静脉的血流量,增强免疫功能[18-19]

本研究作为一项单中心回顾性临床研究,样本量小;且机械通气的治疗参数如潮气量、PEEP及平台压的数值存在缺失,无法对之进行对比和分析,这是本研究的缺陷与不足。但我们在临床工作中要加强对食管癌术后合并ARDS的重视。qSOFA评分越高、合并术后吻合口瘘,食管癌术后合并ARDS患者的死亡风险越高;而入ICU时的RBP水平越高,死亡风险则越低。由此,早期可以应用qSOFA评分预测食管癌术后ARDS患者的预后;而增强术后营养支持、预防吻合口瘘的发生可能可以降低食管癌根治术后ARDS的死亡率。

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文章信息

邢茜, 董静, 李方方, 申丽华, 王朋妹, 张珊, 朱彪
XING Qian, DONG Jing, LI Fang-fang, SHEN Li-hua, WANG Peng-mei, ZHANG Shan, ZHU Biao
食管癌根治术后急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的死亡危险因素分析
Risk factors of mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS)after radical resection of esophageal carcinoma
复旦学报医学版, 2020, 47(4): 560-566, 627.
Fudan University Journal of Medical Sciences, 2020, 47(4): 560-566, 627.
Corresponding author
ZHU Biao, E-mail:zhubiaozs@126.com.

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