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   复旦学报(医学版)  2020, Vol. 47 Issue (3): 434-438      DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2020.03.020
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儿童疫苗接种家长态度问卷(PACV)的汉化和信效度研究
何英霞1 , 金姐2 , 张明智2     
1. 复旦大学附属儿科医院护理部 上海 201102;
2. 复旦大学附属儿科医院呼吸科 上海 201102
摘要目的 将儿童疫苗接种家长态度问卷(Parent Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines,PACV)翻译成中文并测量其信效度。方法 采用跨文化调适指南提出的翻译步骤,对PACV进行翻译、整合、回译、文化调适,将翻译好的问卷完成预试验后,对148例6岁及以下的患儿家长进行调查。结果 量表一共包含15个条目,内容效度指数为1.0。因子分析显示Bartlett球形检验KMO值为0.702(P < 0.01),主成分分析提取出3个因子,累计方差贡献率56.1%。3个因子分别归纳为"总的态度和信任度"、"对疫苗安全性和有效性的信念"和"免疫接种行为",且均与原量表吻合。量表总的Cronbach's α值为0.701,分量表"总的态度和信任度"、"安全性和有效性"、"疫苗接种行为"的信度分别为0.810、0.704和0.604。2周后重测信度总量表为0.753,分量表分别为0.798、0.714和0.701。结论 中文版PACV具有良好信效度,但鉴于样本的单一性,尚需多中心、大样本的研究进一步验证。
关键词儿童疫苗    儿童疫苗接种家长态度问卷(PACV)    信度    效度    
A survey on the reliability and validity of Parent Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines(PACV)
HE Ying-xia1 , JIN Jie2 , ZHANG Ming-zhi2     
1. Department of Nursing, Children's Hospital, Fudan Uuniversity, Shanghai 201102, China;
2. Department of Pneumology, Children's Hospital, Fudan Uuniversity, Shanghai 201102, China
Abstract: Objective To translate Parent Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines (PACV) into Chinese, and measure its reliability and validity. Methods The PACV scale was translated according to the transcultural adaptation guidelines. After the pre-test was completed with the translated questionnaire, 148 parents of children aged 6 years and younger were investigated. Results The content validity index of the 15-item scale was 1.0.Factor analysis showed that Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) Measure of Sampling Adequacy was 0.702 (P < 0.01).Three factors were extracted from the principal component analysis (PCA).The cumulative variance explained was 56.1%.The results were same with the original scale on general attitudes, faith in vaccine's safety and efficacy, and immunization behavior. The total Cronbach's α value of the scale was 0.701, and the reliability of the subscales of "General attitudes", "Safety and efficacy" and "Behavior" were 0.810, 0.704 and 0.604 respectively.After two weeks, the total retest reliability scale was 0.753, and the subscales were 0.798, 0.714 and 0.701 respectively. Conclusion The Chinese version of PACV has good reliability and validity, which can be used to evaluate parents' attitude towards vaccination.However, multi-center and large sample studies are still needed to verify this version.
Key words: childhood vaccines    Parent Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines(PACV)    reliability    validity    

我国是世界上最早应用人工免疫方法进行传染病控制的国家。各个国家按照本地传染病特点都有相应的预防接种方案,因此每个孩子从出生开始就要接受疫苗接种。得益于计划免疫的有效实施,全球传染病发病率显著下降,部分传染病已经消失。可是近年来疫苗事件时有发生,民众对于预防接种产生了一定的怀疑。过去10年,疫苗接种可以预防的疾病在发达国家频繁暴发,2017年以来麻疹在欧洲国家时有发生[1]。美国民众疫苗接种的态度持续恶化,几乎12%的人至少拒绝过一种疫苗接种[2-4]

WHO提出了一个新的概念叫“疫苗犹豫”,指的是因疾病以外原因导致疫苗接种的延迟或者拒绝”[5]。针对这一概念,美国儿科医生研制出一款量表,即儿童疫苗接种家长态度问卷(Parent Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines,PACV),主要用于测量家长对儿童疫苗接种的态度,从而帮助发现家长是否存在疫苗犹豫的问题[6-8]。该量表在国外经多次验证具有可靠信效度,而国内尚无经过信效度验证的中文版本,却已有学者在使用。本研究通过作者授权翻译了该量表并完成信效度检测,以期为今后的研究提供科学可靠的研究工具。

资料和方法

调查对象  采用目的抽样法,选取2019年3—5月在复旦大学附属儿科医院内科门诊就诊、年龄在6岁及以下的患儿父母进行问卷调查。PACV量表一共15个条目,样本量宜为条目数的5~10倍[9],故本研究共纳入160名家长,排除12名后,实际研究对象为148名。纳入标准:患儿年龄在6岁及以下;家长知情同意并自愿参加本研究;家长具备阅读和填写能力。排除标准:有基础疾病影响疫苗接种的患儿,包括泌尿系统、神经系统、血液系统、免疫系统各类慢性疾病;先天性心脏病;早产;外籍。

量表介绍  PACV一共有15个条目[10],分为3个维度,分别是免疫接种行为(2个条目)、对疫苗安全性和有效性信念(4个条目)、总的态度和信任度(9个条目),3个维度的内部一致性信度分别为0.84、0.74和0.74。该量表答题包括3种形式:二分类(是、否),五分类Likert量表(完全同意、同意、不确定、不同意、完全不同意)和0~10点评分法。原始分最高为30分,经线性转换后转换为100分。通过前瞻性研究发现,该量表分数越高、患者未接种天数越多,反映出犹豫程度越高、患者接种行为越差,体现出该量表具有良好的效度。该量表已被学者翻译成意大利和马来西亚版本,均证实具有良好的信效度[10-11]

量表授权翻译  研究者通过E-mail与作者取得联系,授权获得了包含15个条目的正式量表,最初18个条目通过信效度验证调整为15个项目。研究者遵循跨文化调适指南进行量表翻译,包括翻译、整合、回译和文化调适。第一步:由两名英语六级、有国外学习经历的医务人员进行独立的量表翻译。第二步:由研究者与两名翻译人员共同将翻译初稿整合调整,形成第二次中文译本。第三步:由一名在加拿大工作的中国医学博士和一名精通中文的美籍华人进行回译,调整回译版本。之后所有翻译人员对原版本和翻译版本进行比对,修正翻译过程中的偏差,形成第三次中文译本;其中原量表中的第一个条目“Have you ever delayed having your child get a shot [not including seasonal flu or swine flu (H1N1) shots] for reasons other than illness or allergy?”和第二个条目“Have you ever decided not to have your child get a shot (not including seasonal flu or swine flu (H1N1) shots) for reasons other than illness or allergy?”涉及的流感疫苗和H1N1疫苗在国内接种不普遍,属于非法定接种疫苗,因此讨论后该两类疫苗未做翻译,予以删除。第四步:对初试问卷的每个条目形成解释和实例,并选取20名6岁及以下孩子的家长进行预调查,访谈其对每个项目的理解,然后对其中表达有歧义或晦涩的语言进行调整。其中条目“It is better for my child to develop immunity by getting sick than to get a shot.”最初翻译为“生病比疫苗接种更有益于孩子建立免疫系统”,后调整为“生病比疫苗接种更有助于孩子产生免疫力”,方便家长的理解和阅读。

调查方法  研究者在复旦大学附属儿科医院门诊候诊区,对符合要求的研究对象进行解释说明,取得同意后采用问卷星的方式进行问卷发放。所有问卷由研究者本人当场发放和收集。本次160例纳入对象中排除了12名有基础疾病的孩子,故实际发放148份,回收148份,回收率为100%;无效问卷0份,有效率为100%。

质量控制  为保证问卷调查的质量,本次问卷由同一个人全程发放,发放前使用统一的解释语。问卷上同时写明本次调查目的、方法、资料使用方法和大约需要的时间,获取家属同意。填写过程中不予解释和引导,完成后当场进行问卷完整性确认,保证每一份问卷的有效性。

统计学方法  采用SPSS 19.0对数据进行录入。其中一般资料采用描述性统计,问卷条目采用t检验和相关性分析,了解各条目的有效性和相关性,并采用因子分析和信度测验,明确问卷的结构效度和信度。

结果

被调查家长的一般特征  孩子接种疫苗的被调查家长中,62.8%为母亲,35.1%为父亲,少数祖父母(或外祖父)或其他。家长的职业以企事业单位为主(43.2%),其次为专业技术人员、其他、自由职业者、公务员。家长年龄主要为30~40岁(84.5%),其次为30岁以下或大于40岁。多数家庭只有一个孩子(64.2%)。家长学历以本科生为主(52.0%),其次为硕士及以上(29.0%)。家中最小的孩子年龄以4~6岁为主(53.2%)。居住地以上海以外为主(54.1%)。具体见表 1

表 1 孩子接种疫苗的被调查家长的一般特征 Tab 1 General characteristcs of parents with vaccinated children  
(n=148)
Characteristics Percentage(%)
Relations to the children
  Father 35.1
  Mother 62.8
  Grandparents 0.7
  Others 1.4
Age (y)
  ≤30 10.1
  30-40 84.5
  ≥40 5.4
Educational level
  High school and below 4.8
  Junior college 14.2
  Undergraduate 52.0
  Master or above 29.0
Residence
  Local (Shanghai) 45.9
  Nonlocal 54.1
Occupation
  Enterprises 43.2
  Civil servant 4.7
  Professionals 20.3
  Freelance work 12.2
  Others 19.6
How many kids do you have
  1 64.2
  2 35.1
  3 0.7
Age of the youngest kid (y)
  ≤1 19.6
  1-3 27.2
  4-6 53.2

项目分析  将得分由高到低进行排列,把原始分高于13分(前27%)的高分组和低于9分(后27%)的低分组进行各条目两样本t检验,P均 < 0.05。各条目与总分的相关性分析显示P均 < 0.01,提示各条目有效(表 2)。

表 2 儿童疫苗接种家长态度问卷的项目分析和因子分析 Tab 2 Item analysis and factor analysis of the Parent Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines
Items Critical ratio P Correlation P Factor loadings
1.Have you ever delayed having your child get a shot [not including seasonal flu or swine flu (H1N1) shots] for reasons other than illness or allergy? 4.539 < 0.01 0.405 < 0.01 0.482(3)
2.Have you ever decided not to have your child get a shot [not including seasonal flu or swine flu (H1N1) shots] for reasons other than illness or allergy? 4.282 < 0.01 0.407 < 0.01 0.686(3)
3.How sure are you that following the recommended shot schedule is a good idea for
your child? Please answer on a scale of 0 to 10, where 0 is “Not at all sure” and 10 is “Completely sure”.
5.363 < 0.01 0.453 < 0.01 0.535(2)
4.Children get more shots than are good for them. 3.973 < 0.05 0.419 < 0.01 0.642(2)
5.I believe that many of the illnesses that shots prevent are severe. 3.809 < 0.01 0.413 < 0.01 0.434(2)
6.It is better for my child to develop immunity by getting sick than to get a shot. 3.898 < 0.01 0.431 < 0.01 0.550(2)
7.It is better for children to get fewer vaccines at the same time. 3.361 < 0.01 0.433 < 0.01 0.653(2)
8.How concerned are you that your child might have a serious side effect from a shot? 5.436 < 0.01 0.484 < 0.01 0.670(1)
9.How concerned are you that anyone of the childhood shots might not be safe? 5.173 < 0.01 0.475 < 0.01 0.614(1)
10.How concerned are you that a shot might not prevent the disease? 8.308 < 0.01 0.577 < 0.01 0.638(2)
11.If you had another infant today, would you want him/her to get all the recommended shots? 6.512 < 0.01 0.512 < 0.01 0.705(1)
12.Overall, how hesitant about childhood shots would you consider yourself to be? 13.149 < 0.01 0.703 < 0.01 0.731(1)
13.I trust the information I receive about shots. 9.711 < 0.01 0.571 < 0.01 0.689(1)
14.I am able to openly discuss my concerns about shots with my child's doctor. 5.102 < 0.01 0.448 < 0.01 0.441(1)
15.All things considered, how much do you trust your child’s doctor?Please answer on a scale of 0 to 10, where 0 is “Do not trust at all” and 10 is “Completely trust”. 4.374 < 0.01 0.423 < 0.01 0.611(1)
(1)Factor:General attitudes; (2)Factor:Safety and effificacy; (3)Factor:Behavior.

内容效度  参考文献[12],由3位预防接种领域的专家对量表内容效度进行评价,分为4个等级:相关=1,弱相关=2,较强相关=3,强相关=4。所有专家评为3或4的条目数为15,除以总条目数15,最后测得内容效度S-CVI为1.0。

结构效度  采用因子分析,Bartlett球形检验KMO值为0.702(P < 0.01),可提取特征值> 1的公因子3个,各条目因子载荷均 > 0.4,累计方差贡献率为56.10%。根据条目内容将这3个公因子分别命名为“总的态度和信任度”、“对疫苗安全性和有效性信念”和“免疫接种行为”,该结果与原量表一致。其中每个条目的因子载荷均 > 0.4,代表条目对量表贡献较大,关系密切。但是在条目归类中,翻译后量表发生较大变化,其中条目“3.你认为疫苗接种对孩子帮助有多大”、“4.儿童预防接种已超出有益范围”、“5.我相信预防接种预防的疾病都很严重”、“6.生病比打针更有助于孩子产生免疫力”在原量表中归属于因子“总的态度和信任度”,在本研究中归属于因子“安全性和有效性”。而条目“8.你有多担心预防接种可能引起严重的不良反应”、“9.你有多担心预防接种可能不安全”、“10.你有多担心预防接种可能起不到作用”原属于因子“安全性和有效性”,在本研究中归属于“总的态度和信任度”。因此原量表的“安全性和有效性”从9个条目转变为现在的5个条目,“总的态度和信任度”从4个条目转变为现在的8个条目,“疫苗接种行为”保持不变。

信度分析  量表总的信度Cronbach’s α为0.701,分量表总的态度和信任度、安全性和有效性、接种行为的信度分别为0.810、0.704和0.604。2周后通过问卷星对所有研究对象进行再次调查,分析重测信度,总量表为0.753,分量表分别为0.798、0.714和0.701。

讨论

家长对儿童疫苗接种的态度将直接影响儿童疫苗接种的依从性,PACV在西方国家已经得到较多应用,而国内缺乏对疫苗犹豫的关注,也缺乏相应的研究工具。我们获得作者授权将PACV翻译成中文,并通过项目分析、内容效度、结构效度和内部一致性信度的分析来测验其信效度。

项目分析主要用于检验量表各条目的适切或可靠程度,最常用的是临界比值法,或称极端值法[9]。文献表明,以27%作为分组时所得到的鉴别度的可靠性最大[9],故我们采用27%分组,检测高分组和低分组的差异,结果显示差异有统计学意义,代表量表具有区分测试者能力高低的能力。此外,我们采用题项与量表总分的相关分析进行同质性检验,如果相关系数 < 0.4,表示个别题项与量表构念只是一种低度关系,可以考虑删除[9]。在表 2中我们看到所有条目与总分相关系数 > 0.4且P < 0.01,代表量表条目有效,对整体构成有帮助。

在结构效度方面,我们采用因子探索分析法。本量表KMO值为0.702 > 0.5,可以进行因子分析。本次提取的公因子与原量表一致。但是在条目归类中,翻译后量表发生较大变化,其中条目3、4、5、6.从原量表的“总的态度和信任度”转变为本研究中的“安全性和有效性”,条目8、9、10从原量表的“安全性和有效性”转变为“总的态度和信任度”。只有“疫苗接种行为”条目保持不变。通过仔细阅读条目,可以发现条目3、5、6属于有效性,条目4属于安全性,因此条目3~6应当归属于“有效性和安全性”。而条目8、9、10都是对疫苗的信任而产生的各种担忧,因此翻译后条目归类到“总的态度和信任度”,符合中文的理解和认知。翻译版产生这样的差异,主要源于文化的不同,东西方人群对事物理解不一样,因此中文版量表的条目划分更贴合中国文化。

在信度上,量表总的信度和分量表信度均 > 0.7, 代表量表内部具有较高一致性,同时重测信度也提示量表的稳定性。但所得结果比原量表要略低一些,可能与本研究样本量为148, 少于原量表的260有关。

综上所述,通过信效度分析,证实中文版儿童疫苗接种家长态度问卷具有良好信效度。本研究存在一定局限性:考虑到国内疫苗接种主要针对6岁及以下儿童,本研究采用了目的抽样法,可能会导致纳入对象的选择性偏倚。此外,本研究属于单中心研究,纳入研究的家长其孩子无基础疾病,家长学历普遍较高,且大部分居住在上海,也会导致一定的偏倚。未来需扩大抽样范围和样本量,进行多中心研究,以进一步验证量表的信效度,并完善其修订和使用。

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表 1 孩子接种疫苗的被调查家长的一般特征 Tab 1 General characteristcs of parents with vaccinated children  
(n=148)
Characteristics Percentage(%)
Relations to the children
  Father 35.1
  Mother 62.8
  Grandparents 0.7
  Others 1.4
Age (y)
  ≤30 10.1
  30-40 84.5
  ≥40 5.4
Educational level
  High school and below 4.8
  Junior college 14.2
  Undergraduate 52.0
  Master or above 29.0
Residence
  Local (Shanghai) 45.9
  Nonlocal 54.1
Occupation
  Enterprises 43.2
  Civil servant 4.7
  Professionals 20.3
  Freelance work 12.2
  Others 19.6
How many kids do you have
  1 64.2
  2 35.1
  3 0.7
Age of the youngest kid (y)
  ≤1 19.6
  1-3 27.2
  4-6 53.2
表 2 儿童疫苗接种家长态度问卷的项目分析和因子分析 Tab 2 Item analysis and factor analysis of the Parent Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines
Items Critical ratio P Correlation P Factor loadings
1.Have you ever delayed having your child get a shot [not including seasonal flu or swine flu (H1N1) shots] for reasons other than illness or allergy? 4.539 < 0.01 0.405 < 0.01 0.482(3)
2.Have you ever decided not to have your child get a shot [not including seasonal flu or swine flu (H1N1) shots] for reasons other than illness or allergy? 4.282 < 0.01 0.407 < 0.01 0.686(3)
3.How sure are you that following the recommended shot schedule is a good idea for
your child? Please answer on a scale of 0 to 10, where 0 is “Not at all sure” and 10 is “Completely sure”.
5.363 < 0.01 0.453 < 0.01 0.535(2)
4.Children get more shots than are good for them. 3.973 < 0.05 0.419 < 0.01 0.642(2)
5.I believe that many of the illnesses that shots prevent are severe. 3.809 < 0.01 0.413 < 0.01 0.434(2)
6.It is better for my child to develop immunity by getting sick than to get a shot. 3.898 < 0.01 0.431 < 0.01 0.550(2)
7.It is better for children to get fewer vaccines at the same time. 3.361 < 0.01 0.433 < 0.01 0.653(2)
8.How concerned are you that your child might have a serious side effect from a shot? 5.436 < 0.01 0.484 < 0.01 0.670(1)
9.How concerned are you that anyone of the childhood shots might not be safe? 5.173 < 0.01 0.475 < 0.01 0.614(1)
10.How concerned are you that a shot might not prevent the disease? 8.308 < 0.01 0.577 < 0.01 0.638(2)
11.If you had another infant today, would you want him/her to get all the recommended shots? 6.512 < 0.01 0.512 < 0.01 0.705(1)
12.Overall, how hesitant about childhood shots would you consider yourself to be? 13.149 < 0.01 0.703 < 0.01 0.731(1)
13.I trust the information I receive about shots. 9.711 < 0.01 0.571 < 0.01 0.689(1)
14.I am able to openly discuss my concerns about shots with my child's doctor. 5.102 < 0.01 0.448 < 0.01 0.441(1)
15.All things considered, how much do you trust your child’s doctor?Please answer on a scale of 0 to 10, where 0 is “Do not trust at all” and 10 is “Completely trust”. 4.374 < 0.01 0.423 < 0.01 0.611(1)
(1)Factor:General attitudes; (2)Factor:Safety and effificacy; (3)Factor:Behavior.

文章信息

何英霞, 金姐, 张明智
HE Ying-xia, JIN Jie, ZHANG Ming-zhi
儿童疫苗接种家长态度问卷(PACV)的汉化和信效度研究
A survey on the reliability and validity of Parent Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines(PACV)
复旦学报医学版, 2020, 47(3): 434-438.
Fudan University Journal of Medical Sciences, 2020, 47(3): 434-438.
Corresponding author
HE Ying-xia, E-mail:linda20001981@163.com.

工作空间

儿童疫苗接种家长态度问卷(PACV)的汉化和信效度研究
何英霞 , 金姐 , 张明智