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   复旦学报(医学版)  2020, Vol. 47 Issue (3): 320-326      DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2020.03.003
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公式计算的心肺适能(CRF)和6分钟步行距离(6MWD)预测上腹部大手术术后肺部并发症(PPCs)的效能比较
殷欣 , 许智博 , 钱福勇 , 张细学 , 刘松彬 , 顾卫东     
复旦大学附属华东医院麻醉科 上海 200040
摘要目的 比较6分钟步行距离(6 minute walking distance,6MWD)和公式计算的心肺适能(cardiorespiratory fitness,CRF)对上腹部大手术术后肺部并发症(postoperative pulmonary complications,PPCs)的预测效能。方法 连续纳入2018年8月至2019年7月择期行上腹部大手术的患者。所有患者术前均行6MWD,记录相关临床资料。根据6MWD、年龄、性别、体重和静息心率计算CRF。根据是否发生有临床意义的PPCs,将患者分为PPCs组和非PPCs组。采用多因素Logistic回归分析PPCs的独立危险因素,分析6MWD和CRF预测PPCs的敏感性、特异性和最佳临界值,采用Z检验比较6MWD和CRF预测PPCs的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)。结果 共纳入161例患者,其中35例患者发生有临床意义的PPCs,发生率为21.7%。PPCs组的6MWD为(346.7±109.0)m,显著小于非PPCs组的(439.9±68.3)m(P<0.001)。PPCs组的CRF为(8.0±1.3)MET,显著低于非PPCs组的(10.1±1.2)MET(P<0.001)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示6MWD、年龄、静息心率和体重指数(body mass index,BMI)是PPCs的独立危险因素。6MWD预测PPCs的最佳临界值为389 m,敏感度为68.6%,特异度为81.0%。公式计算的CRF预测PPCs的最佳临界值为9.27 MET,敏感度为91.4%,特异度为76.2%。公式计算的CRF预测PPCs的AUC显著大于6MWD的AUC(Z=2.624,P=0.009)。结论 公式计算的CRF预测上腹部大手术患者PPCs的效能显著优于单纯6MWD,公式计算的CRF可作为筛查上腹部大手术PPCs高危患者的有效方法。
关键词6分钟步行距离(6MWD)    心肺适能(CRF)    术后肺部并发症(PPCs)    预测    
Comparison of algorithm-derived cardiorespiratory fitness(CRF)and 6 minutes walking distance(6MWD)in predicting postoperative pulmonary complications(PPCs)in patients undergoing major upper abdominal surgery
YIN Xin , XU Zhi-bo , QIAN Fu-yong , ZHANG Xi-xue , LIU Song-bin , GU Wei-dong     
Department of Anesthesiology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
Abstract: Objectives To compare the predicting performance on postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) between 6-minute walking distance (6MWD) and algorithm-derived cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in patients undergoing major upper abdominal surgery. Methods Patients scheduled for major upper abdominal surgery from Aug 2018 to Jul 2019 were consecutively enrolled.6MWD was performed and clinical characteristics were recorded before surgery.CRF was estimated using a formula consisting of 6MWD, age, body weight, and resting heart rate.The occurrence of PPCs after surgery was recorded.Patents were divided into PPCs group and non-PPCs group according to whether clinically significant PPCs occurred.The independent risk factors of PPCs were analyzed using multiple Logistic regression.The sensitivity, specificity and cut-off point of 6MWD and algorithm-derived CRF to predict PPCs were analyzed.Area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) between 6MWD and algorithm-derived CRF was compared using Z test. Results One hundred and sixty one patients undergoing major upper abdominal surgery were enrolled. PPCs occurred in 35 patients (21.7%). 6MWD in PPCs patients was (346.7±109.0) m, which was significantly lower than that in non-PPCs patients of (439.9±68.3) m (P < 0.001).CRF in PPCs group was (8.0±1.3) MET, which was significantly lower than that in non-PPCs group of (10.1±1.2) MET (P < 0.001).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that 6MWD, age, resting heart rate and body mass index (BMI) were independent risk factors for PPCs. 6MWD ≤ 389 m was cut-off point for predicting PPCs with sensitivity of 68.6% and specificity of 81.0%.CRF ≤ 9.27 MET was cut-off point for predicting PPCs with sensitivity of 91.4% and specificity of 76.2%.The AUC of CRF to predict PPCs was significantly bigger than that of 6MWD (Z=2.624, P=0.009). Conclusion Algorithm-derived CRF is better than 6MWD alone in predicting PPCs in patients undergoing major upper abdominal surgery.Algorithm-derived CRF is an effective tool to screen patients with high risk for PPCs after major upper abdominal surgery.
Key words: 6-minute walking distance(6MWD)    cardiopulmonary fitness(CRF)    postoperative pulmonary complications(PPCs)    prediction    

上腹部手术术后肺部并发症(postoperative pulmonary complications, PPCs)发生率高达17%~27.5%[1-2],是导致患者死亡和发生其他术后并发症的主要原因之一,直接影响患者的术后转归。PPCs的术前预测对于早期预防和早期干预具有重要意义。6分钟步行距离(6 minute walking distance, 6MWD)是预测PPCs的常用方法,但文献报道其敏感度仅为69.2%[3],因而PPCs的预测方法有待改进。

心肺适能(cardiorespiratory fitness, CRF)又称有氧适能,是评估运动耐力和最大氧耗的整体生理学指标,反映了心脏和肺将氧气输送到组织细胞,维持机体运动的能力,以代谢当量(metabolic equivalent of task, MET)为单位。心肺运动试验(cardiopulmonary exercise test,CPET)测定的最大氧耗是评估患者CRF的金标准[4]。但CPET的临床实施较为繁琐,对于严重心肺疾病患者存在一定风险。有研究者提出采用6MWD、年龄、性别、体重和静息心率等变量计算CRF,并证实该公式计算的CRF与测得的最大氧耗之间有很好的相关性[5-7]。年龄、体重、静息心率和6MWD是PPCs的独立危险因素[8-9],而CRF计算公式包括了这些变量,因此根据前述研究的结论,本研究推测公式计算的CRF预测PPCs的效能优于单纯步行距离。

资料和方法

研究对象  本研究为前瞻性队列研究,研究对象为择期上腹部大手术患者,研究起点为患者术前6MWD,研究终点为手术后7天内有临床意义的PPCs。直接获取6MWD、计算CRF所需数据和PPCs,资料的偏倚较小,结果可信度高。研究通过复旦大学附属华东医院伦理委员会的审核(伦理批件号:2019K015),并经中国临床试验注册中心登记注册(注册号:ChiCTR1900022772)。本研究自2018年8月至2019年7月连续纳入拟行上腹部大手术的患者。入选标准:(1)择期上腹部大手术(预期手术时间>2 h);(2)年龄>18周岁。排除标准:(1)术前服用β受体阻滞剂;(2)患者行走不便, 无法完成6MWD;(3)患者存在肿瘤疼痛, 无法配合完成6MWD;(4)急性冠脉综合征患者,实施6MWD存在风险;(5)不能配合研究, 如语言理解障碍、精神疾病等;(6)不同意签署知情同意书。

研究方法  术前1天,分别采集年龄、性别、身高、体重、血压、静息心率、是否吸烟、合并疾病、肺功能等数据,并行6MWD。术中记录手术时间、术中出血量、输液量、输血量和尿量等指标。

参照美国胸外科学会的指南实施6MWD。在术前1天的同一时间段(13:00—15:00),由同一测试者完成对所有患者的6MWD测试,记录其步行距离。每例患者测试2次,两次间隔1 h,取步行距离较长的一次试验结果进行数据分析[10]。试验时,测试者不干扰并激励患者,若患者出现头晕、乏力、呼吸困难、面色苍白、冷汗、心前区不适等症状则停止试验,试验前后记录患者的血压、心率及血氧饱和度,并对测试前后的气促和疲劳情况进行BORG评分。

CRF的计算  采用Hammal等[7]提出的公式计算CRF。CRF=[70.161+(0.023×6MWD)-(0.276×体重)-(6.79×性别)-(0.193×静息心率)-(0.191×年龄)]/3.5, 体重单位为kg; 性别:男性=0, 女性=1。静息心率为6MWD前患者静坐或安静平躺5 min后的心率。

PPCs的评估方法  采用Kroenke等[11]提出的PPCs分级方法,由不知道6MWD测试结果的独立研究者对患者的PPCs进行评估。将2项或以上2级PPCs、1项或以上3/4级PPCs定义为有临床意义的PPCs。

统计学方法  采用SPSS 23.0统计软件包进行数据分析。分别采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验和Levene检验对数据进行正态分布和方差齐性检验。符合正态分布及方差齐性的数据以x±s表示,不符合正态分布的数据采用中位数(M)和四分位数(IQR)表示。计数资料采用例数(%)表示。符合正态分布及方差齐性的连续变量的组间比较采用两独立样本t检验。不符合正态分布或方差齐性的连续变量的组间比较采用Whitney U检验。二分类变量的组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法。连续变量的相关性采用Person相关分析。采用多因素Logistic回归分析PPCs的独立危险因素。采用ROC分析两种方法的预测效能,两种预测方法AUC的比较采用Z检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

样本量估算  采用PASS15统计软件包进行样本量估算。根据预实验结果,6MWD和CRF预测PPCs的AUC分别为0.718和0.861,PPCs阳性和阴性相关性分别为0.239和0.644,设定Power为0.8,α为0.05,脱落率为20%,估算所需样本量为135例。

结果

患者一般临床特征  本研究共纳入190例患者,排除29例患者(2例服用β受体阻滞剂,3例拒绝测试,11例手术时间不足2 h,3例改变手术方式,5例未完成测试,5例改变治疗方式而未行手术),最终入组161例患者进行数据分析。其中,35例患者发生有临床意义的PPCs(PPCs组),发生率为21.7%。126例患者未发生有临床意义的PPCs(非PPCs组)。两组的年龄、BMI、高血压、过敏史、静息心率、第1秒呼出率和术中出血量的差异均有统计学意义(表 1)。

表 1 两组患者的一般临床特征 Tab 1 The characteristics of the patients in the two groups 
[x±s, M(IQR)]
Characteristics PPCs group (n=35) Non-PPCs group (n=126) P
Age (y) 73.0 (68.0-80.0) 63.0 (54.0-70.3) <0.001
Gender (male/female) 19/16 84/42 0.098
Weight (kg) 64.3±12.1 62.1±10.7 0.303
BMI (kg/m2) 24.4±3.6 22.5±3.2 0.004
Smoking status 0.111
 Current 27 (77.1) 79 (62.7)
 Never/ever 8 (22.9) 47 (37.3)
Comorbidities [n(%)]
 Hypertension 23 (65.7) 52 (41.9) 0.010
 Diabetes 8 (22.9) 19 (15.3) 0.276
 Thyroid disease 3 (8.6) 5 (4.0) 0.268
 Cancer 31 (88.6) 105 (84.7) 0.449
 Pulmonary disease 6 (17.1) 10 (8.1) 0.107
 Allergies 8 (22.9) 10 (8.1) 0.013
Respiration rate (bpm) 17.0 (13.0-19.0) 16.0 (15.0-18.3) 0.806
Systolic BP (mmHg) 129.7±13.3 124.9±14.9 0.081
Diastolic BP (mmHg) 73.2±8.2 74.5±9.5 0.458
Resting heart rate (bpm) 74.0 (67.0-83.0) 70.0 (65.0-76.3) 0.030
FEV1/FVC (%) 91.4 (88.8-95.3) 87.1 (82.0-93.5) 0.038
Surgery duration (min) 271.0 (182.0-350.0) 211.5 (177.8-282.5) 0.053
Surgical technique [n(%)] 0.990
 Open abdominal 23 (65.7) 82 (65.1)
 Laparoscopic 12 (34.3) 44 (34.9)
Surgery type [n(%)]
 Pancreatic 14 (40.0) 24 (19.1) 0.010
 Hepatectomy 0 (0) 11 (8.7) 0.070
 Gastrectomy 13 (37.2) 76 (60.3) 0.015
 Splenectomy 2 (5.7) 3 (2.4) 0.315
 Transverse colectomy 6 (17.1) 12 (9.5) 0.206
Blood loss (mL) 300 (150-500) 200 (150-300) 0.023
Fluid infusion (mL) 2 600 (2 100-3 500) 2 600 (2 100-3 100) 0.105
Blood transfusion (mL) 42.9±150.1 44.8±209.1 0.958
Urine (mL) 700 (450-800) 500 (300-800) 0.096
PPCs:Postoperative pulmonary complications; BMI:Body mass index; 6MWD:6 minute walk distance; CRF:Cardiorespiratory fitness; MET:Metabolic equivalent of task; FEV1:Forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration; FVC:Forced vital capacity.

6MWD和CRF  两组患者6MWD试验前后的BORG评分差异无统计学意义,BORG评分为中度以上的患者占比<5%,提示本试验符合美国胸外科学会6MWD指南的实施要求(表 2)。

表 2 6MWD测试前后的BORG评分 Tab 2 BORG scale before and after 6MWD  
[n(%)]
Degree Test 1 Test 2
Shortness of breath Fatigue Shortness of breath Fatigue
Pre-test Post-test Pre-test Post-test Pre-test Post-test Pre-test Post-test
Nothing 142 (88.2) 59 (36.6) 130 (80.7) 79 (49.1) 141 (87.6) 57 (35.4) 130 (80.7) 74 (46.0)
Very very slight 13 (8.1) 32 (19.9) 18 (11.2) 28 (17.4) 16 (9.9) 47 (29.2) 20 (12.4) 34 (21.1)
Very slight 3 (1.9) 29 (18.0) 6 (3.7) 32 (19.9) 2 (1.2) 35 (21.7) 6 (3.7) 33 (20.5)
Slight 3 (1.9) 35 (21.7) 6 (3.7) 16 (9.9) 2 (1.2) 18 (11.2) 4 (2.5) 17 (10.6)
Moderate 0 (0) 5 (3.1) 1 (0.6) 5 (3.1) 0 (0) 3 (1.9) 1 (0.6) 3 (1.9)
Somewhat severe 0 (0) 1 (0.6) 0 (0) 1 (0.6) 0 (0) 1 (0.6) 0 (0) 0 (0)
Severe 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
Very severe 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
Very very severe 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)

所有患者的6MWD为(419.6±87.5)m。PPCs组的6MWD为(346.7±109.0)m,显著小于非PPCs组的(439.9±68.3)m(P<0.001)。

所有患者的CRF为(9.61±1.47)MET。PPCs组的CRF为(8.0±1.3)MET,显著小于非PPCs组的(10.1±1.2)MET(P<0.001)。CRF与6MWD显著相关(R=0.593,P<0.001,图 1)。

6MWD:6 minute walk distance; CRF:Cardiorespiratory fitness; MET:Metabolic equivalent of task. 图 1 MWD和CRF的相关性 Fig 1 Correlation between 6MWD and CRF

PPCs的危险因素  将年龄、性别、BMI、吸烟、高血压、肺部疾病、静息心率、FEV1/FVC、手术时间、手术方式、出血量、手术种类和6MWD纳入多因素Logistic回归分析。结果发现,PPCs的独立危险因素包括(表 3):6MWD(OR=0.988,95%CI:0.979~0.997,P=0.008)、年龄(OR=1.216,95%CI:1.102~1.341,P<0.001)、静息心率(OR=1.093,95%CI:1.033~1.156,P=0.002)和BMI(OR=1.506,95%CI:1.204~1.885,P<0.001)。

表 3 PPCs危险因素的多因素Logistic回归分析结果 Tab 3 Risk factors for PPCs using multiple Logistic regression analysis
Factor OR 95%CI P
Age 1.216 1.102-1.341 <0.001
Gender 4.052 0.823-19.956 0.085
BMI 1.506 1.204-1.885 <0.001
Smoking 1.594 0.311-8.154 0.576
Hypertension 0.768 0.184-3.205 0.717
Pulmonary disease 0.303 0.033-2.776 0.291
RHR 1.093 1.033-1.156 0.002
FEV1/FVC 0.978 0.921-1.039 0.470
Surgery duration 1.006 0.998-1.013 0.155
Surgical (open/laparoscopic) 0.391 0.096-1.592 0.190
blood loss 1.001 0.999-1.002 0.305
Surgery type 1.147 0.910-2.207 0.123
6MWD 0.988 0.979-0.997 0.008
BMI:Body mass index; FEV1:Forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration; FVC:Forced vital capacity; 6MWD:6 minute walk distance; RHR:Resting heart rate.

6MWD和CRF预测PPCs的效能比较  6MWD预测PPCs发生的最佳临界值为389 m,敏感度为68.6%,特异度为81.0%,AUC为0.771(95%CI:0.669~0.873)。CRF预测PPCs的最佳临界值为9.27 MET,敏感度为91.4%,特异度为76.2%,AUC为0.891(95%CI:0.832~0.951)。CRF的AUC显著大于6MWD的AUC(Z=2.624,P=0.009,图 2)。

6MWD:6 minute walk distance; CRF: Cardiorespiratory fitness; MET: Metabolic equivalent of task. 图 2 6MWD和CRF预测PPCs的ROC Fig 2 ROC of PPCs predicted by 6MWD and CRF
讨论

本研究发现,上腹部大手术PPCs的独立危险因素包括年龄、BMI、静息心率和6MWD。单纯6MWD预测PPCs的最佳临界值为389 m,公式计算的CRF预测PPCs的最佳临界值为9.27 MET。公式计算的CRF预测PPCs的AUC和敏感度均显著高于6MWD。上述结果提示,公式计算的CRF预测PPCs的效能优于6MWD。筛查上腹部大手术PPCs高危患者时,公式计算的CRF优于6MWD。

上腹部手术创伤较大,可致患者肺和胸廓顺应性降低及功能性残气量减少,再加上麻醉药物、膈神经功能障碍和手术创伤等因素均可影响术后呼吸肌功能,因此上腹部手术PPCs的发生率较高[12]。上腹部手术PPCs可引发或加重呼吸衰竭,导致心血管不良事件、肾功能不全等其他术后并发症,并可增加患者住院时间,加重医疗负担,严重时可导致患者死亡[9, 13]。PPCs的术前预测有助于将防治的关口前移,实现精准化和个体化的早期干预,促进上腹部手术患者的早期康复[14]。PPCs评估方法较多[15-16],本研究采用Hulzebos等[10]的PPCs诊断标准, 该标准包括症状、体征、影像学检查、生物学检测、治疗方式等,指标客观明确,临床可操作性较强,得到了广泛认可[17-18]。本研究发现,上腹部大手术PPCs的发生率为21.7%,与以往的研究结果接近[8, 19]

PPCs与许多围手术期危险因素相关。年龄、6MWD、BMI、静息心率、吸烟及手术时间是公认的独立危险因素。McAlister等[8]在一项纳入1 055例非胸科手术患者的前瞻性队列研究中发现,年龄、手术时间、留置胃管和咳嗽试验阳性是PPCs的独立危险因素。Serejo等[9]研究发现年龄、BMI和腹部手术是PPCs的独立危险因素。Hayashi等[20]发现6MWD、BMI和术中失血量是胰腺和肝脏手术PPCs的独立危险因素。本研究采用多因素Logistic回归分析发现,6MWD、年龄、静息心率和BMI是上腹部大手术PPCs的独立危险因素。

在预测PPCs的效能方面:Marjanski等[21]发现,以6MWD≤500 m作为临界值预测PPCs的敏感度为36.0%,特异度为81.9%, AUC为0.593;Hattori等[3]发现,6MWD预测术后肺炎的敏感度为69.2%,特异度为71.1%。本研究发现,6MWD≤389 m是预测上腹部大手术PPCs的最佳临界值,其预测上腹部大手术PPCs的敏感度为68.6%,特异度为81.0%, AUC为0.771。为进一步提高预测上腹部大手术PPCs的准确性,本研究首次观察了公式计算的CRF对上腹部大手术PPCs的预测效能,结果发现敏感度为91.4%,特异度为76.2%,AUC为0.891,公式计算的CRF预测PPCs效能显著优于单纯的6MWD。其原因可能为CRF的计算公式除了考虑6MWD以外,还纳入了年龄、性别、体重和静息心率等与PPCs的发生密切相关的指标,这些指标反映了机体在生理负荷或应激状态下呼吸、循环、代谢等方面的功能储备,与患者的气体交换能力、摄氧能力、二氧化碳排出量及血流动力学状态紧密相关。研究表明,采用上述指标计算的CRF与采用经典的CPET测得的CRF之间有良好的相关性[22]。Rose等[23]研究发现,采用CPET测得的CRF能较好地预测腹主动脉瘤手术患者术后的存活率。6MWD为一种次级量运动试验,仅能部分反映患者心肺储备功能,本研究中公式计算的CRF对PPCs的预测效能优于单纯的步行距离。

本研究的不足之处在于:(1)部分患者不能行走或存在6MWD禁忌证,无法采用6MWD计算的CRF进行PPCs预测,对于这类患者PPCs的预测仍有待进一步研究。(2)本研究为单中心观察,可能存在患者选择性的偏倚,因此研究结果有待多中心、大样本研究的进一步证实。

综上所述,本研究发现公式计算的CRF预测上腹部大手术PPCs的最佳临界值为9.27 MET,其预测效能优于单纯的6MWD。公式计算的CRF临床评估简便,预测PPCs的敏感度达91.4%,可作为上腹部大手术PPCs高危患者的有效筛查方法。

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文章信息

殷欣, 许智博, 钱福勇, 张细学, 刘松彬, 顾卫东
YIN Xin, XU Zhi-bo, QIAN Fu-yong, ZHANG Xi-xue, LIU Song-bin, GU Wei-dong
公式计算的心肺适能(CRF)和6分钟步行距离(6MWD)预测上腹部大手术术后肺部并发症(PPCs)的效能比较
Comparison of algorithm-derived cardiorespiratory fitness(CRF)and 6 minutes walking distance(6MWD)in predicting postoperative pulmonary complications(PPCs)in patients undergoing major upper abdominal surgery
复旦学报医学版, 2020, 47(3): 320-326.
Fudan University Journal of Medical Sciences, 2020, 47(3): 320-326.
Corresponding author
GU Wei-dong, E-mail: hdm20800@163.com.
基金项目
上海市科委医学引导项目(15411965300);上海市卫计委课题(201540067);申康专科疾病临床五新转化基金(16CR3063B)
Foundation item
This work was supported by the Medical Translation Project of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (15411965300), Science Foundation of Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning (201540067) and Clinical Five New Transformation Fundation for Specialist Disease of Shanghai Shenkang Hospital Development Center (16CR3063B)

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