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   复旦学报(医学版)  2020, Vol. 47 Issue (1): 42-46      DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2020.01.008
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编委点评】本文病例为膀胱癌施行腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除、乙状结肠原位新膀胱手术所致并发症,形成左侧输尿管长段狭窄,作者应用回肠代输尿管处理,是选了一种对患者比较恰当的方法,结果获得良好的效果。文章资料收集完整、可靠,分析有据,特别是并发症的处理对临床有参考意义和价值。应用回肠代输尿管处理医源性输尿管长段狭窄虽然常见,但是本病例不同于目前临床上常见的输尿管镜操作引起的狭窄或者缺损的情况,更加复杂和困难,比较少见,报道更少。(王国民)

回肠代输尿管术治疗去带乙状结肠原位新膀胱术后长段输尿管狭窄1例报告并文献复习
刘东 , 伊庆同 , 张裕庆 , 朱汝健 , 龚旻     
复旦大学附属浦东医院泌尿外科 上海 201399
摘要:医源性长段输尿管狭窄临床上并不罕见,而原位膀胱术后长段输尿管狭窄处理较为复杂和困难,采用回肠代输尿管术仍不失为有效的尿路修复重建方式。回顾性分析1例去带乙状结肠原位新膀胱术后长段输尿管狭窄患者的临床资料并文献复习。患者男性,66岁,因浸润性膀胱癌行腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除及去带乙状结肠原位新膀胱术5月余,术后出现左侧输尿管原位新膀胱吻合处狭窄伴肾积水,遂行左肾穿刺造瘘术1月余。左侧顺行肾盂造影显示左侧输尿管长段狭窄(约10 cm),于2019年1月行开放左侧回肠代输尿管术。手术顺利,手术时间230 min,术中出血约200 mL,术后4周拔除尿管,术后6周拔除左侧输尿管单J管。术后随访6个月,患者无腰痛、发热,复查血清肌酐正常,未出现代谢性并发症。术后70天行磁共振尿路造影(magnetic resonance urography,MRU)检查显示双侧肾盂及输尿管未见扩张、积液,术后4个月行泌尿系B超检查提示左肾轻度积水、原位新膀胱残余尿20 mL,术后6个月行MRU检查显示左侧肾盂及输尿管上段轻度扩张、积液。本病例术后随访期内疗效满意。
关键词回肠代输尿管术    原位    去带乙状结肠新膀胱术    长段输尿管狭窄    
Ileal ureteric replacement for long segment ureteral strictures after orthotopic taenia myectomy sigmoid neobladder: a case report and literature review
LIU Dong , YI Qing-tong , ZHANG Yu-qing , ZHU Ru-jian , GONG Min     
Department of Urology, Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201399, China
Abstract: The iatrogenic long-term ureteral stricture is not uncommon in clinical practice.The treatment of long-term ureteral stricture after orthotopic bladder surgery is more tricky.The ileal ureteral surgery is an effective urinary tract repair and reconstruction method for the treatment of long-term ureteral stricture after orthotopic bladder surgery.Clinical data from a patient suffered long segment ureteral stricture after sigmoid colon neobladder were reviewed restrospectively. The 66-year old male patient, had a laparoscopic radical cystectomy and sigmoid colon in situ neobladder surgery in our department for invasive bladder cancer 1 year ago.Postoperative the patient developed a left ureteral bladder anastomotic stenosis with left hydronephrosis, so left renal puncture sputum drainage was used for 3 months.And imaging examination suggests long ureteral stricture was developped, open stenosis and ileal ureteral replacement surgery were developped in our department.The operation time was 230 min, estimated blood loss was 200 mL, urethral tube was removed 4 weeks after the operation, and the ureteral single J tube was removed 6 weeks later.In 6 months of follow-up, the patient had no back pain and fever, and the serum creatinine was normal.No metabolic complications occurred.Seventy days after operation, magnetic resonance urography (MRU) examination showed bilateral renal pelvis and ureter did not show dilatation and effusion.In 4 months of follow-up, urinary B-ultrasound showed mild left hydronephrosis and residual bladder residual urine 20 mL.MRU examination of 6 months of follow-up showed only mild hydronephrosis.Satisfactory results were achieved in the follow-up period of this case.
Key words: ileal ureteric replacement    orthotopic    taenia myectomy sigmoid neobladder    long segment ureteral strictures    

原位新膀胱术是根治性膀胱切除术后尿流改道的手术方式之一,常用的术式包括回肠新膀胱术和结肠新膀胱术,若术后出现长段输尿管狭窄,其处理困难[1]。回肠代输尿管术系采用一段带系膜的游离回肠襻替代病变的输尿管进行尿路修复重建,已成为治疗长段输尿管狭窄或缺损较为成熟的方法[2]。应用回肠代输尿管术治疗原位新膀胱术后长段输尿管狭窄的文献报道较少。2019年1月,我们采用回肠代输尿管术诊治1例腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除术加去带乙状结肠原位新膀胱,术后发生一侧长段输尿管狭窄,近期疗效良好。现结合文献报告如下。

病例报告  患者男性,66岁,因“去带乙状结肠原位新膀胱术后5月余,左肾穿刺造瘘术后1月余”于2019年1月入院。患者于2018年8月因肌层浸润性膀胱高级别尿路上皮癌行腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除术、去带乙状结肠原位新膀胱术,术后6周拔除双侧输尿管单J管。2018年10月行膀胱造影检查显示,左侧输尿管乙状结肠原位新膀胱吻合处见少许造影剂,左侧肾盂少许显影(图 1A);右侧输尿管及肾盂显影。术后8周患者出现左侧腰酸。2018年11月查泌尿系统CT平扫提示左侧肾盂输尿管上段扩张、积液,左侧输尿管乙状结肠原位新膀胱吻合处狭窄;次日行左肾穿刺造瘘术,引流出脓性尿液。根据尿液细菌培养加药敏试验,选用敏感抗生素积极抗感染治疗;10天后行左侧顺行肾盂造影显示左侧输尿管中下段长段狭窄,狭窄段长度约10 cm(图 1B)。2019年1月行开放左侧回肠代输尿管术。

A:Retrograde angiography of the bladder showed that the left renal pelvis were only slightly developed, suggesting that the left ureteroscopic sigmoid colon in situ neobladder anastomotic stenosis with incomplete obstruction; B:Left anterior pyelography showed that the left ureter was not developed in the lower ureter, suggesting a long stenosis of the lower ureter, and the length of the stenosis was about 10 cm. 图 1 术前膀胱造影及顺行肾盂造影检查 Fig 1 Bladder angiography and anterior pyelography showed a long stenosis of the lower left ureter

手术方法  全麻后取仰卧位,头低足高(15°),垫高臀部。常规消毒铺巾,留置导尿管。取下腹部左侧腹直肌旁正中切口,长度约15 cm,依次切开皮肤、皮下组织、腹直肌鞘,进入左侧腹膜外间隙。寻找左侧输尿管,输尿管与左侧髂血管、周围组织严重粘连,仔细分离输尿管,避免损伤髂血管及肠管。探查左侧输尿管中下段狭窄段长度约10 cm。寻找乙状结肠原位新膀胱,新膀胱与盆壁粘连,并向盆腔右侧偏移。仔细分离新膀胱前壁,打开新膀胱。离断并切除左侧输尿管狭窄段后,在其近端插入7 Fr单J管引流尿液。打开腹腔,回盲部寻找回肠,在距离回盲部10 cm处截取一段约15 cm的带系膜血管蒂回肠段。碘伏纱块消毒回肠断端、稀释的碘伏溶液冲洗回肠肠腔后,回肠断端作端端吻合,恢复肠道连续性。1号丝线间断缝合关闭回肠系膜裂孔。将带系膜血管蒂的回肠段从乙状结肠系膜后方穿出,置于左侧盆腔。将预置的7 Fr输尿管单J管的近端插至左侧肾盂,并将单J管穿过回肠段肠腔,分别在新膀胱前壁、腹壁戳一小孔,将输尿管单J管的远端引出至体外并固定。纵行剪开左侧输尿管断端,长度约2 cm,用2-0 Dixon线将之与回肠襻的近端作端端吻合(图 2A)。将回肠襻的远端与新膀胱间断缝合6针,恢复左侧输尿管与原位新膀胱的连续性(图 2B)。稀释的碘伏盐水清洗腹腔及盆腔,分别在左侧后腹腔、盆腔留置橡皮引流管各一根,依次关闭腹壁切口。

A:Intraoperative left ureteral stump and proximal end of ileal fistula for end-to-end anastomosis: the left ureteral stump is end-to-end with the proximal end of the ileum in operation; B:Ileum distal end and in situ new bladder anastomosis in operation. 图 2 术中回肠代输尿管与输尿管断端及原位新膀胱吻合情况 Fig 2 Anastomosis of ileal ureter with ureteral stump and in situ new bladder in operation

结果  手术顺利,手术时间230 min,术中出血约200 mL,术后4周拔除尿管,术后6周拔除输尿管单J管。术后随访:患者术后恢复良好,自主排尿,平均每次排尿量约220 mL,夜尿2~3次,无尿失禁、腰痛、发热等。2019年2月左侧顺行肾盂造影检查显示左侧回肠输尿管排泄良好,显影正常,左侧回肠输尿管吻合口及回肠乙状结肠原位膀胱吻合口排泄通畅(图 3A)。术后70天磁共振尿路造影(magnetic resonance urography,MRU)检查显示双侧肾盂及输尿管未见扩张、积液(图 3B)。术后4个月行泌尿系B超检查提示右肾集合系统未见分离,左肾集合系统分离12 mm,新膀胱残余尿20 mL。术后6个月泌尿系B超检查提示左肾集合系统分离15 mm,新膀胱残余尿25 mL;MRU检查显示左侧肾盂及输尿管上段轻度扩张、积液(图 3C)。手术后6个月内影像学随访左侧回肠输尿管及左侧肾盂及输尿管上段显示图像基本相仿,比较稳定。随访期内监测血常规、尿常规、血清电解质及肾功能正常,无代谢性酸中毒等并发症。

A:Left anterior ureteroscopic angiography showed good left ileal ureteral excretion, normal development, smooth excretion in left ileal ureteral and ileal sigmoid colon in situ bladder anastomosis.; B:MRU examination showed no bilateral pyelonephritis and ureter without dilatation and effusion in 70 days after surgery; C:MRU examination showed a slight dilatation and effusion of the left pelvis and upper ureter in the 6 months after operation. 图 3 术后左侧顺行肾盂造影及MRU检查 Fig 3 Left antegrade pyelography and MRU examination showed a good patency of the left ileal ureter

讨论  根治性膀胱切除加尿流改道术是临床治疗肌层浸润性膀胱肿瘤的重要方法。随着各种术式的改进及腹腔镜技术的发展,原位新膀胱术已获得泌尿外科学界越来越多的认可并被更多患者接受[3]。原位新膀胱术最常用的术式为回肠膀胱术和结肠膀胱术。尿流改道术后输尿管狭窄多与尿流改道的手术操作和手术并发症有关,如输尿管肠道吻合口对合不良、张力大、直径小、吻合间距过大、吻合口瘘和感染引起吻合口狭窄等,少数与输尿管血运障碍、肿瘤等因素有关。输尿管狭窄的发生率为1.5%~18.4%[4]。对于出现过吻合口瘘的患者,长期的尿外渗引起输尿管下段和肠壁周围纤维化及瘢痕增生,继而导致局部狭窄、上尿路积水、肾功能损害或衰竭。严重的输尿管肠段吻合口瘘临床少见,但处理困难[4]

尿流改道术后出现的输尿管病变集中于较短段的输尿管狭窄,开放性狭窄段输尿管切除加输尿管膀胱再植为常用的治疗方法。随着泌尿外科内镜技术的进步,在充分评估狭窄复发风险的条件下,对于输尿管狭窄段小于1 cm的患者可考虑行内腔镜手术治疗[1]。长段输尿管狭窄或缺损的治疗目标为尽快解除梗阻,恢复尿路连续性,最大程度保护肾功能,减少并发症。常见的尿路修复或重建方法包括内镜手术、输尿管狭窄切除加端端吻合术、输尿管膀胱再植、自体肾移植术等[5]。以上手术方案对长段输尿管狭窄的修复有限,且肾移植相关并发症较多,对于长段输尿管狭窄不宜采用。对于长段输尿管狭窄,可能会考虑行肾穿刺造瘘术、自体肾移植术甚至肾切除术,这些手术将给患者带来极大的生活不便和较多的并发症。回肠代输尿管术可不受狭窄段长度限制,适用于医源性长段输尿管缺损而不能用自身尿路组织替代的患者,其近、远期效果满意[6-7]。本例患者为去带乙状结肠原位膀胱术后出现单侧输尿管乙状结肠原位膀胱吻合口漏,长期的尿外渗引起患侧输尿管下段和肠壁周围纤维瘢痕增生,继而导致长段输尿管狭窄。由于术区情况复杂,手术难度极大,术中、术后相关并发症的不确定性,肠代输尿管术用于治疗原位肠代膀胱术后长段输尿管狭窄在临床鲜见报道。患者患侧狭窄段输尿管及原位膀胱局部粘连严重,无法通过使用自身尿路组织的方法(如输尿管端端吻合、输尿管膀胱再植、输尿管膀胱壁瓣吻合、腰大肌悬吊等)进行上尿路修复重建。我们与患者及其家属充分沟通,术前全面综合评估,决定采用回肠代输尿管术进行上尿路修复重建,避免了永久性肾造瘘术的困扰。患者术后恢复良好,无腰痛、发热等,无代谢性酸中毒等并发症。术后1个月左侧顺行肾盂造影检查显示,左侧回肠输尿管排泄良好,左侧回肠输尿管、回肠乙状结肠原位膀胱吻合口未见狭窄;术后70天MRU检查显示双侧肾盂及输尿管未见扩张、积液;术后6个月MRU检查显示左侧肾盂及输尿管上段轻度扩张、积液,B超检查提示左肾集合系统分离15 mm。随访结果初步证实了回肠代输尿管术治疗复杂性医源性长段输尿管狭窄的可行性及有效性。本例患者的手术难度在于狭窄段输尿管、乙状结肠原位膀胱周围都是纤维瘢痕组织,分离狭窄段输尿管及原位膀胱非常困难,而且容易损伤肠襻血管和髂血管,造成肠段坏死及大出血。

输尿管狭窄为肠代膀胱术后常见并发症,文献报道开放性肠代膀胱术后输尿管狭窄的发生率为8.5%,而机器人辅助腹腔镜组其发病率为12.6%[8]。输尿管狭窄的发生率左侧显著高于右侧,其与左侧的输尿管游离范围过大、吻合时易于产生张力和成角、术中需将左侧输尿管穿过乙状结肠系膜到右侧有关。研究表明,局部组织缺血、尿漏发生及继发局部感染因素导致输尿管纤维化,最终导致狭窄形成[9-10]。术者的手术经验至关重要,术中对输尿管的解剖分离及移动至对侧操作以及输尿管成形吻合的技巧决定了输尿管成形手术的成败[11]。1906年Schoemaker首次报道回肠代输尿管术,1959年Goodwin详细描述此手术步骤,并将该术式成功推广,此后回肠代输尿管得到广泛开展[12]。肠代输尿管术的手术适应证包括:长段输尿管狭窄或缺损(撕脱毁损);孤立肾输尿管癌,保肾手术;输尿管结核、放射性输尿管炎、腹膜后纤维化输尿管梗阻等。其禁忌证包括:炎症性肠病、放射性肠炎、膀胱颈硬化或挛缩、膀胱挛缩、神经源性膀胱、血清肌酐 > 176.8 μmol/L、肝功能异常等。常见并发症包括:上尿路感染、吻合口瘘或狭窄、肠襻坏死、电解质及酸碱代谢紊乱、内疝、膀胱肠段反流、肾功能损害等。施行肠代输尿管术之前应全面综合评估。手术创伤及难度系数较大,术中肠管的恢复与重建、代输尿管肠段的裁剪与吻合需要由有经验的医师来完成。既往资料远期随访发现,引流不畅、氮质血症、高氯性酸中毒、逆行感染、肾功能损害的发生率较高,术后的处理对于预防术后并发症也极其重要[13]。根据文献报道的手术经验,结合我们的临床实践,我们认为回肠代输尿管术的手术要点为:(1)术前行肾穿刺造瘘术,充分引流尿液,改善肾功能;使用敏感抗生素,抗尿路感染,术前尿液分析正常,连续2次尿液细菌培养阴性;肠道准备。(2)术中仔细解剖,轻柔操作,确保替代输尿管的肠道蠕动与输尿管蠕动同方向,保护输尿管和肠襻血供;严密吻合,注意吻合口无张力以及无组织压迫导致的组织缺血、抗反流机制的建立、充分的尿路及术区引流。(3)术后使用敏感抗生素进行抗炎,保持肠代输尿管低压清洁;每日2次用5%碳酸氢钠溶液进行膀胱冲洗,防止肠道黏液潴留,减少尿漏及感染的发生。

研究证实开放式回肠代输尿管术远期疗效良好。一项研究回顾分析了1991—2016年157例回肠代输尿管患者的临床资料,其中52例为双侧手术,术后随访时间长达54.1个月,其中98例患者输尿管扩张情况有所改善,147例患者血清肌酐水平有所改善或保持不变,其中仅6例患者因肠液阻塞、回肠输尿管狭窄或严重酸中毒而再次手术治疗。由于复杂的手术条件和操作困难,微创手术在肠代输尿管术中进展缓慢。2000年,Gill等[14]报道了首例腹腔镜下回肠代输尿管术,2016年Chopra等[15]报道了3例全腹腔内操作机器人回肠代输尿管术。微创技术是肠代输尿管术的发展方向,也对医师提出了更高要求和挑战[16]。关于机器人辅助的腹腔镜下回肠代输尿管,仅在一些国际知名的医疗中心开展,相关报道较少[17]。目前缺少腹腔镜及机器人手术下回肠代输尿管术的远期疗效报道,开放式回肠代输尿管术仍是治疗长段输尿管狭窄的标准术式,具有手术效果好、并发症少的优点。本例患者术后随访6个月未发现代谢性并发症,近期手术效果较好,我们将进一步随访远期手术效果。

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文章信息

刘东, 伊庆同, 张裕庆, 朱汝健, 龚旻
LIU Dong, YI Qing-tong, ZHANG Yu-qing, ZHU Ru-jian, GONG Min
回肠代输尿管术治疗去带乙状结肠原位新膀胱术后长段输尿管狭窄1例报告并文献复习
Ileal ureteric replacement for long segment ureteral strictures after orthotopic taenia myectomy sigmoid neobladder: a case report and literature review
复旦学报医学版, 2020, 47(1): 42-46.
Fudan University Journal of Medical Sciences, 2020, 47(1): 42-46.
Corresponding author
YI Qing-tong, Email:yiqt926@sina.com.
基金项目
上海市浦东新区卫生系统重点学科建设项目(PWZxk2017-21)
Foundation item
This work was supported by the Key Discipline Construction Project of Pudong New Area Health System of Shanghai(PWZxk2017-21)

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