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   复旦学报(医学版)  2020, Vol. 47 Issue (1): 24-30      DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2020.01.005
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编委点评】儿童肾细胞癌较少见,不如肾母细胞瘤(恶性)多见。临床上无特异性临床表现和影像学特征,术前诊断较困难,治疗经验比较少,发表大宗病例的文章更少。本文总结分析儿科领域单中心10年21例肾细胞癌,分析临床、影像学表现,以及切除肿瘤标本的病理学检查结果,特别是对在儿童肾细胞癌中占优势的Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾细胞癌的特点进行了详细描述,治疗以根治性肾切除术为主,对于肿瘤局限的合适病例选择保留肾单位手术,本组病例亦获得良好治疗效果。本文21例资料完整、可靠,总结分析认真,研究结果对小儿泌尿外科和肿瘤科医生认识、诊治儿童肾细胞癌具有很好的参考价值和指导作用。希望作者今后进一步积累病例,开展多中心合作,以提供更多的流行病学资料及诊治经验,有益于儿科学发展。(王国民)

儿童肾细胞癌(RCC)的临床病理特征及手术疗效分析
钟海军 , 王翔     
复旦大学附属儿科医院泌尿外科 上海 201102
摘要目的 探讨儿童肾细胞癌(renal cell carcinoma,RCC)的发病特点、临床表现、病理学特征及手术治疗方式和疗效。方法 回顾性分析复旦大学附属儿科医院2008年8月至2018年8月收治的21例儿童RCC病例的临床资料。年龄:1.2~10.8岁,中位年龄6.1岁;性别:男14例,女7例;发病部位:左肾13例,右肾8例。患儿中6例以无痛肉眼血尿、3例以腹痛、2例以腹部肿块为首发症状就诊,其余10例由健康检查彩超发现。结果 21例患儿均接受手术治疗。14例行根治性肾切除术,其中6例同时行腹膜后淋巴结清扫术;5例行保留肾单位肾肿瘤切除术(nephron-sparing surgery,NSS),其中4例肿瘤最大径 < 4 cm,1例肿瘤最大径7.8 cm;2例仅行肾肿瘤活检术。术后病理分类为:RCC 9例,囊性RCC 1例,Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性RCC 11例。TNM分期为:T1aN0M0/Ⅰ期7例,T1bN0M0/Ⅰ期3例,T1aN1M0/Ⅲ期1例,T1bN1M0/Ⅲ期1例,T2aN0M0/Ⅱ期3例,T2aN1M0/Ⅱ期1例,T2bN1M0/Ⅲ期1例,T3aN0M0/Ⅲ期1例,T3aN1M0/Ⅲ期1例,T4N1M0/Ⅳ期2例。前期术后有4例RCC患儿接受α-干扰素治疗,后均因不良反应而终止治疗。无化疗病例。患儿随访0.4~8.7年,中位随访时间1.3年。1例失访,15例存活,5例死亡,接受NSS的5例患者均存活。结论 儿童RCC较少见,因无特异性临床表现和影像学特征,术前病理诊断较困难,术后需要进行TFE3基因检测以明确病理类型。治疗以根治性肾切除术为主,对于肿瘤局限的合适病例亦可选择保留肾单位肾肿瘤切除术,以尽可能保留肾功能。
关键词儿童    肾细胞癌(RCC)    根治性肾切除术    保留肾单位肾肿瘤切除术(NSS)    
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in children: clinical characteristics and surgical treatment
ZHONG Hai-jun , WANG Xiang     
Departments of Pediatric Urology, Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the characteristics, clinical manifestations, pathological features, surgical treatment and curative effect of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in children. Methods A retrospective review and clinical analysis of 21 patients of RCC treated in Children's Hospital from Aug.2008 to Aug.2018 was undertaken in this study.The median age was 6.1 (range 1.2 to 10.8) years old.Fourteen boys and 7 girls.There were 13 cases of left kidney and 8 cases of right kidney.Among them, 6 cases had painless hematuria, 3 cases had abdominal pain, and 2 cases had abdominal masses as the first symptom, and the other 10 cases were found by color Doppler ultrasound in physical examination. Results Surgical treatments were performed in all 21 patients.Radical nephrectomy was performed in 14 cases, and retroperitoneal lymph node dissection was performed in 6 cases at the same time. Nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) was performed in 5 cases, and the maximum diameter of tumor was less than 4 cm in 4 cases and 7.8 cm in 1 case.Tumor biopsy was performed in 2 cases.According to pathological feature, 9 cases were RCC, 1 case was cystic RCC, and Xp11.2 translocation RCC were identified in 11 patients.According to TNM stage, 10 cases were stage Ⅰ, 4 stage Ⅱ, 5 stage Ⅲ and 2 stage Ⅳ.Four cases received postoperative interferon, but were terminated owing to undesirable side effects.There was no chemotherapy cases.The median follow-up time was 1.3 (range 0.4 to 8.7) years.One case was withdrawn and there were 15 survivors and 5 cases of postoperative deathly.All 5 patients who received NSS survived. Conclusions RCC is rare in children.Because of the lack of specific clinical and imaging features, it is difficult to diagnose RCC before operation.TFE3 gene detection is needed to determine the pathological type after operation. Nephrectomy is the major treatment for RCC and nephron sparing surgery could be a reasonable option for patients with early localized RCC to protect the renal function.
Key words: children    renal cell carcinoma (RCC)    radical nephrectomy    nephron-sparing surgery (NSS)    

肾细胞癌(renal cell carcinoma,RCC)是成人常见的泌尿系统恶性肿瘤,几乎90%来源于肾近曲小管上皮。在儿童期RCC较少见,其发病特点、临床表现、病理学特征、生物学行为及预后都有别于其他类型的儿童肾恶性肿瘤,与成人的RCC也不尽相同[1]。由于儿童RCC病例数较少,目前对其认识仍较局限。复旦大学附属儿科医院于2008年8月至2018年8月共收治21例RCC患儿,现报道如下。

资料和方法

临床资料  21例RCC患儿, 年龄1.2~10.8岁,中位年龄6.1岁;男14例,女7例;发病部位为左肾13例,右肾8例。患儿中6例以无痛肉眼血尿、3例以腹痛、2例以腹部肿块为首发症状就诊,其余10例由健康检查彩超发现。入院体格检查示2例患侧腹部可触及实质肿块。实验室检查肿瘤标记物癌胚抗原、甲胎蛋白、24 h尿香草扁桃酸检查结果均正常。

病理资料  21例患儿均通过手术获得病理标本。术后病理分类:RCC 9例,囊性肾细胞癌1例,Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性RCC11例。

20例患儿进行免疫组化染色(表 1):TFE3阴性14例,阳性表达11例,细胞核内见棕黄色颗粒(图 1);CD10阴性16例,阳性13例, 其中10例为Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性RCC,有9例表达阳性;CD34阳性16例,阴性14例;Ki-67阴性20例,阳性17例, 其中10例为Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性RCC,均表达阳性;CK阴性19例,阳性14例;Vim阴性18例,阳性12例;EMA阳性16例,阴性10例;WT阴性115例,阳性7例;HMB45阳性12例,阴性10例;检查9例β-catenin均为阳性; 检查SMA8例,均为阴性。

表 1 儿童肾细胞癌的病理免疫组化结果 Tab 1 Immunohistochemical results of renal cell carcinoma in children
Antibody n Positive Negative Xp11.2 translocation RCC
TFE3 14 11 3 11/11+
CD10 16 13 3 10/9+
CD34 16 2 14 1+
Ki-67 20 17 3 10/10+
CK 19 14 5 1+
Vim 18 12 6 2+
EMA 16 6 10 -
WT1 15 7 8 -
HMB45 12 2 10 -
β-catenin 9 9 0 -
SMA 8 0 8 -
Brown granules in nucleus. 图 1 HE染色示TFE3表达阳性(×100) Fig 1 TFE3-positive in HE staining (×100)

影像学资料  21例患儿B超检查结果显示,实质不均质占位18例(图 2),部分实质及囊性占位2例,囊性占位1例。肿瘤最大径2.1~14.3 cm,中位肿瘤最大径5.7 cm。18例占位内可见血流信号,3例占位内无血流信号。12例患儿增强CT检查结果显示均为软组织实质性占位,不均匀强化,其中1例伴有钙化灶,4例提示区域淋巴结肿大转移可能(图 3)。9例患儿行增强MR检查结果显示:软组织实质性占位6例,囊实性占位2例,囊性占位1例,有不均匀性强化(图 4),其中4例提示区域淋巴结肿大转移可能。

图 2 B超示左肾内实质不均质占位(箭头所示) Fig 2 Heterogeneous mass in the left kidney detected by ultrasound (arrow)
Internal density is uniform, plain scan CT value 21 Hu, no obvious enhancement was found in enhanced and delayed scanning, but the cyst wall is not smooth, nodule like protrusion can be seen locally.The postoperative pathological findings were TFE3 fusion related renal cell carcinoma. 图 3 CT示左肾中下极囊性占位(57 mm×58 mm×50 mm, 箭头所示) Fig 3 Cystic lesion of middle and lower pole of left kidney discovered by CT (57 mm×58 mm×50 mm, arrow)
T1WI isointensity and hypointensity, T2WI isointensity and hyperintensity signal dominated. 图 4 MR示右肾内囊实质占位(26 mm×29 mm×22 mm箭头所示) Fig 4 Cystic and solid lesion (26 mm×29 mm×22 mm) in the right kidney diagnosed by MR (arrow)
结果

本组儿童RCC的手术治疗方式及结果见表 2。21例患儿均接受手术治疗。14例行根治性肾切除术,其中6例同时行腹膜后淋巴结清扫术。5例行保留肾单位肾肿瘤切除术(nephron-sparing surgery, NSS),其中4例肿瘤最大径 < 4 cm,1例肿瘤最大径7.8 cm。2例行肾肿瘤活检术。术后病理分类为:RCC 9例,囊性RCC 1例,Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性RCC 11例。TNM分期为:T1aN0M0/Ⅰ期7例,T1bN0M0/Ⅰ期3例,T1aN1M0/Ⅲ期1例,T1bN1M0/Ⅲ期1例,T2aN0M0/Ⅱ期3例,T2aN1M0/Ⅱ期1例,T2bN1M0 /Ⅲ期1例,T3aN0M0/Ⅲ期1例,T3aN1M0/Ⅲ期1例,T4N1M0/Ⅳ期2例。本研究前期术后有4例RCC患儿接受α-干扰素治疗,由于α-干扰素不良反应剧烈均终止治疗。无化疗病例。患儿随访0.4~8.7年,中位随访时间1.3年,1例失随访。15例存活,接受NSS的5例患者均存活,其中2例为带瘤生存。5例死亡,其中2例由于肿瘤巨大,仅行肿瘤活检后家属放弃治疗。本组中有1例4岁男孩(病例19),健康检查B超发现左肾囊肿,CT显示左肾中下极囊性占位,诊断为左肾囊肿,行腹腔镜下囊肿去顶减压术,术后病理提示TFE3基因融合相关性RCC,再行左侧根治性肾切除及腹膜后淋巴结清扫术,现术后随访1.5年,无复发。

表 2 儿童RCC的手术治疗方式及结果 Tab 2 Surgical treatment and results of renal cell carcinoma in children
Case Age
(y)
Sex Surgical methods Side Tumor pathology Lymph
node
pathology
Stages Follow-up time(years) Outcome
1 6.5 M RN L RCC - T2aN0M0 Ⅱ 8.7 Survived
2 9.8 F RN+Lymphadenectomy R RCC Positive T1aN1M0 Ⅲ 1.3 Deceased
3 8.8 F Percutaneous biopsy R RCC - T4N1M0 Ⅳ 0.4 Deceased
4 6.1 F NSS L RCC - T1aN0M0 Ⅰ 7.5 Survived
5 10.3 F NSS L RCC - T1aN0M0 Ⅰ 7.7 Survived with tumor
6 2.8 M RN L XP11.2 MiT-RCC - T1aN0M0 Ⅰ 6.5 Survived
7 4.4 F RN L XP11.2 MiT-RCC - T1aN0M0 Ⅰ 4.8 Survived
8 9.2 M NSS L Cystic RCC - T2aN0M0 Ⅱ 2.8 Survived with tumor
9 10.5 M RN + Lymphadenectomy R XP11.2 MiT-RCC Positive T1bN1M0 Ⅲ 1.0 Deceased
10 8.5 M NSS L RCC - T1aN0M0 Ⅰ 2.3 Survived
11 1.2 M Biopsy L XP11.2 MiT-RCC - T4N1M0 Ⅳ 0.4 Deceased
12 3.7 M RN + Lymphadenectomy R XP11.2 MiT-RCC Positive T2aN1M0 Ⅱ 0.6 Survived
13 2.8 M RN R XP11.2 MiT-RCC - T1aN0M0 Ⅰ 0.5 Survived
14 5.5 F RN R XP11.2 MiT-RCC - T3aN1M0 Ⅲ 1.3 Deceased
15 9.9 M RN + Lymphadenectomy L XP11.2 MiT-RCC Negative T1bN0M0 Ⅰ 0.5 Survived
16 10.8 M RN L RCC - T2bN1M0 Ⅲ - Survived
17 9.8 M Laparoscopic RN L RCC - T2aN0M0 Ⅱ 4.6 Survived
18 5.1 M RN L RCC - T1bN0M0 Ⅰ 5.5 Survived
19 4.8 M RN + Lymphadenectomy L XP11.2 MiT-RCC Negative T1bN0M0 Ⅰ 1.5 Survived
20 4.6 M Laparoscopic RN + Lymphadenectomy R XP11.2 MiT-RCC Negative T3aN0M0 Ⅲ 0.7 Survived
21 2.9 F NSS R XP11.2 MiT-RCC - T1aN0M0 Ⅰ 0.5 Survived
  M:Male; F:Female; L:Left; R:Right; RN:Radical nephrectomy; NSS:Nephron-sparing surgery; RCC:Renal cell carcinoma; MiT-RCC: microphthalmia transcription factor (MiT) translocation RCC.
讨论

RCC占成人恶性肿瘤的2%~3%,且其发病率以每年2%~3%的速度逐年递增[2]。在儿童及青少年中,最常见的肾恶性肿瘤是肾母细胞瘤,而RCC仅占全部肾脏肿瘤的0.1%~0.3%,占恶性肾脏肿瘤的2%~6%[1, 3]。Rao等[4]报道的发病年龄为5~25岁(平均年龄16.2岁,中位年龄16.5岁),而Geller等[5]报道的发病年龄为1岁9个月~22岁1个月,中位年龄12岁9个月。本组病例发病年龄为1.2~10.8岁,中位年龄6.1岁,远低于文献报道,这种差异可能与儿童专科医院患者年龄范围的覆盖相关。Rao等[4]和Geller等[5]报道的男女比例基本相似,分别为1:1.3和1:1.1。Akhavan等[6]研究提示,在 < 15岁的儿童病例中,女性病例所占比例明显高于男性,而按其他年龄范围分组,则无明显差异。本组病例男女比例为1:0.5,与文献报道有差异,考虑可能与样本较少及样本年龄范围较小有关。

血尿、腹部包块、腰腹痛是成人RCC的经典“三联征”表现。在儿童中更多表现为上述“三联征”中的1~2种,“三联征”同时表现的少见。儿童RCC首发症状以血尿为主,国内宋宏程等[7]报道占72.4%,而本组中有6例血尿,占28.6%。本组中因健康检查B超发现RCC10例,占47.6%,提示健康检查在发现儿童RCC中的作用更加明显,与成人健康检查B超发现RCC增加的趋势基本一致[8]

儿童RCC的影像学表现无明显特异性,B超可以作为首选的影像检查方法,表现为肾脏的实质不均质占位,与儿童常见肾脏恶性肿瘤(如肾母细胞瘤)相仿,区别在于本组中RCC的平均体积范围变化较大,肿瘤最大径2.1~14.3 cm,中位最大径5.7 cm,有6例Ⅰ期RCC患儿肿瘤体积小于4 cm,提示早期RCC较常见肾母细胞瘤体积小。增强CT或MR对体积小的肾癌更加敏感,并且对腹膜后淋巴结及周围脏器的肿瘤浸润也显示得更加清晰。MR具有无放射性暴露的优点,但检查时间较长,对于小年龄的婴幼儿患者,需要辅以镇静。本组中有1例4岁男孩(病例19),健康检查B超发现左肾囊肿,CT显示左肾中下极囊性占位,以左肾囊肿为诊断行腹腔镜下囊肿去顶减压术,术后病理结果为TFE3基因融合相关性RCC,再行左侧根治性肾切除及腹膜后淋巴结清扫术。复习CT影像发现,该病例肿瘤囊壁不光整,局部有小结节样突起,此类囊性RCC在儿童期非常罕见,其影像学表现往往难以与肾囊肿区分,临床上需要警惕(图 4)。此患儿术后随访1.5年,无复发转移。

2004年WHO对RCC进行重新分型,新增了Xp11.2易位/TFE3融合基因RCC新亚型。此类型在成人中少于5%,而在儿童和青少年RCC中约占总病例数的1/3[9]。本组中Xp11.2易位/TFE3融合基因RCC所占比例为52.3%,比文献报道略高[1]。诊断主要依靠免疫组化半定量方法对TFE3融合蛋白表达进行分析,诊断敏感性和特异性分别达99.6%和97.5%,且TFE3融合蛋白被认为是特征性诊断标志物[9]。Xp11.2易位RCC还一致表达CD10和P504S,且低表达AE1/AE3、CK7和波形蛋白,而CD117、HMB45和Ksp-cadherin呈阴性或灶性表达。与本组10例Xp11.2易位/TFE3融合基因RCC的病理免疫组化检测结果相似,CD10在9例Xp11.2易位RCC病例均有表达,且Ki-67均有不同程度的表达,而SMA表达阴性。β-catenin在所检测肾细胞癌中均有不同程度表达,而WT1、Vim、CD34等则表达情况不一。由于缺乏统计学资料,对于Xp11.2易位/TFE3融合基因RCC的生物学行为尚未充分了解,在成人患者中多表现为侵袭性较强特点,而在儿童患者中可能进展缓慢。本组中有1例患儿术前发现肾肿块,随访1.7年无明显增大,最后予以手术切除,目前随访5年余未见复发。

成人RCC对化疗、放疗均不敏感,根治性肾切除术是主要治疗方法。本组早期有4例RCC患儿术后根据成人经验采用α-干扰素用法进行治疗,但由于α-干扰素的作用有限,成人也仅有15%~20%的有效率,且这4例患儿出现高热、呕吐等较剧烈药物不良反应,故终止治疗。对于局限性RCC(T1-2N0M0),Fergany等[10]报道NSS治疗直径 < 4 cm的成人早期RCC可与根治性肾切除治疗取得相似的效果,患者肾功能也可得到很好的保留,术后生活质量明显提高。文献[7, 11-12]报道提示,对于 > 4 cm的RCC患者,NSS亦可取得良好的效果, 故只要技术上允许完整切除肿瘤,均可考虑NSS。本组5例RCC行NSS,其中4例肿瘤最大径 < 4 cm,1例肿瘤最大径为7.8 cm,虽然体积较大,但也取得较好的效果。实行NSS时亦可以考虑采用腹腔镜手术,并不会增加肿瘤复发转移。本组中有1例为腹腔镜下行NSS,术后随访1年余,无复发或转移。虽然成人中已普遍开展NSS, 但在儿童尚需更多手术积累。

腹膜后淋巴结转移是成人RCC的预后不良因素之一,对儿童RCC预后却无影响。有报道显示局部淋巴结转移而无远处转移的儿童RCC的总体存活率几乎是成人RCC的3倍[3]。欧洲癌症研究和治疗协会对RCC患者进行了一项前瞻性大样本Ⅲ期临床研究[13],结果显示,腹膜后淋巴结转移率只有3.3%,而淋巴结清扫组与淋巴结未清扫组在总体生存率及疾病无进展生存率方面差异无统计学意义。我国2014版《中国泌尿外科疾病诊断治疗指南》不推荐对局限性RCC进行淋巴结清扫,认为区域淋巴结转移不是影响儿童RCC预后的不良因素,在行肿瘤根治性手术时可不必行淋巴结清扫[12]。本组6例患者进行了腹膜后淋巴结清扫术,其中4例存活,2例死亡。5例行NSS的患儿均为T1-2N0M0,未行淋巴结清扫术,均存活。在儿童Xp11.2易位/TFE3融合基因RCC中,有超过一半TFE3(+)RCC患儿在诊断时存在局部进展或淋巴结转移,而预后却要好于该年龄段同样分级分期的TFE3(-)RCC患者[8]。在美国辛辛那提儿童医院的一项回顾性研究获得同样的结果,TFE3(+)且具有淋巴结转移的青少年RCC的预后好于同样具有淋巴结转移TFE3(-)的病例[14]。饶秋等[15]通过病例回顾研究及荟萃分析提示,TFE3(+)RCC的预后要比TFE3(-)RCC差,包括总体存活率和无病存活率,并且前者更倾向于高分期(Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期)。在成人转移性Xp11.2易位RCC应用抗血管内皮生成因子靶向药物对部分患者有效[16],但尚未见此类药物在儿童中的疗效报告。

综上所述,儿童RCC较少见,因无特异性临床表现和影像学特征,术前病理诊断较困难,术后需要进行TFE3基因检测以明确病理类型。治疗以根治性肾切除术为主,对于肿瘤局限的合适病例亦可选择NSS,以期尽可能保留肾功能,但还需要积累更多临床病例来验证。目前关于儿童RCC的研究多为小规模病例研究或个案报道,尚需进一步大规模、多中心以及长时间随访的临床研究。

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文章信息

钟海军, 王翔
ZHONG Hai-jun, WANG Xiang
儿童肾细胞癌(RCC)的临床病理特征及手术疗效分析
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in children: clinical characteristics and surgical treatment
复旦学报医学版, 2020, 47(1): 24-30.
Fudan University Journal of Medical Sciences, 2020, 47(1): 24-30.
Corresponding author
WANG Xiang, E-mail:wangxiang3333@hotmail.com.

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