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   复旦学报(医学版)  2019, Vol. 46 Issue (4): 524-528      DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2019.04.016
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实用猪环甲膜穿刺和切开模型
伍金红 , 李文献 , 范庆* , 陆艺     
复旦大学附属眼耳鼻喉科医院麻醉科 上海 200031
摘要目的 建立猪环甲膜穿刺和切开模型,供临床医师学习环甲膜穿刺和切开技术,提高紧急气道的应急处理能力,降低麻醉气道相关的死亡率和脑损伤发生率。方法 选取会厌、声门、甲状软骨、环甲膜、环状软骨和气管等完整的猪喉做环甲膜穿刺和切开模型。在隆凸上方离断气管,注射器针筒连接气管和模拟肺。利用食指、中指和拇指触摸确定环甲膜的位置,然后依据流程行穿刺或切开建立有创气道并通气。结果 猪喉环甲膜定位明确,穿刺后建立的气道连接喷射通气装置。环甲膜切开后置入气管导管,连接呼吸皮囊进行通气,以上操作均获得理想的通气效果。结论 猪喉结构和人喉结构非常相似,能够模拟真实的环甲膜穿刺和切开,为临床医师教学提供良好的动物模型。
关键词困难气道    紧急外科气道    环甲膜    环甲膜穿刺术    环甲膜切开术    猪模型    
Practical porcine model for needle cricothyroidotomy and scalpel cricothyroidotomy
WU Jin-hong , LI Wen-xian , FAN Qing* , LU Yi     
Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
Abstract: Objective To establish porcine model for needle cricothyroidotomy and scalpel cricothyroidotomy for practitioners to train, maneuver techniques of needle cricothyroidotomy and scalpel cricothyroidotomy, improve the ability of emergency surgical airway management, and reduce the mortality and the incidence of brain injury peri-anesthesia. Methods Porcine larynx with integrated epiglottis, glottis, thyroid cartilage, cricothyroid membrane, cricoid cartilage and trachea was selected to establish the model for needle cricothyroidotomy and scalpel cricothyroidotomy.The trachea was detached above the carina, the trachea and a simulated lung were connected by a 20 mL syringe cylinder.Cricothyroid membrane was positioned with the thumb, middle and index fingers, and then needle cricothyroidotomy and scalpel cricothyroidotomy were performed according to the process to establish an invasive airway and observe the effect of ventilation. Results Positioning of porcine cricothyroid membrane was clear.An invasive airway established by puncture was connected with manual jet ventilation device.The endotracheal tube was intubated after scalpel cricothyroidotomy, and the simulated lung was ups and downs visibly.The above performances obtained satisfactory effect. Conclusions The structure of porcine larynx is very similar to that of human.Porcine model is good for practitioners to train needle cricothyroidotomy and scalpel cricothyroidotomy.
Key words: difficult airway    emergency surgical airway    cricothyroid membrane    needle cricothyroidotomy    scalpel cricothyroidotomy    porcine model    

气道是麻醉患者的生命通道, 气道管理是麻醉医师的基本技能, 全麻诱导后发生不能插管和不能通气常导致严重的脑损伤或死亡[1]。口咽通气道或喉罩等无创处理方法失败后, 需立即使用有创方法紧急开放气道。Rosenstock等[1]的回顾性研究显示, 丹麦有0.6/10 000的全身麻醉患者依靠紧急外科技术建立气道, 在五官科手术全麻中紧急外科气道的使用率高达1.6/1 000, 在其回顾的27例紧急外科气道患者中仅有10例建立了满意的外科气道。因而, 麻醉或急救医师掌握建立紧急外科气道的方法具有重要的临床意义。

建立紧急气道的主要方法有环甲膜穿刺、环甲膜切开、环甲膜穿刺逆行引导气管插管、经皮扩张气管切开和气管切开等。环甲膜穿刺的优势是解剖结构容易辨识、创伤小、并发症发生率低、耗时短, 可作为首选[2]。然而, 大样本统计显示环甲膜穿刺失败率高达63%[3]。环甲膜切开仅用手术刀和探条即可完成气管导管的置入[4], 模型研究显示利用环甲膜切开术建立气道的时间是(86±12)s, 快于环甲膜穿刺逆行引导气管插管的时间(174±34)s和气管切开术建立气道的时间(519±128)s[5]。多数麻醉科医师也对这项技术存有顾虑[6]。环甲膜穿刺和切开术的教学尤其重要, 目前临床教学多使用塑胶模型, 不能很好模拟人体组织, 在真实情况下穿刺和切开的失败率高。实训有助于提高穿刺和切开的成功率[7]。本研究利用猪喉模型进行环甲膜穿刺和切开的实训, 以期提高临床医师对紧急气道的处理能力。

材料和方法

实验材料  猪喉是主要实验材料, 包括完整的喉和气管, 猪喉购自上海金山枫泾屠宰有限公司; 穿刺选用13 G成人可喷射环甲膜穿刺针和手控喷射通气装置(德国VBM Medizintechnik); 环甲膜切开套件(广州维力医疗器械股份有限公司)。

环甲膜穿刺与切开方法  环甲膜又称环甲正中韧带, 为颈前部甲状软骨下缘与环状软骨之间的膜性结构, 呈上宽下窄的倒梯形, 两侧上缘有环甲动脉穿入。环甲膜定位方法依据英国困难气道协会(DAS)环甲膜定位法, 食指和拇指触摸到舌骨大角后下滑, 触到甲状软骨板再向下滑, 触摸到环状软骨后固定手指位置, 将食指换中指固定环状软骨, 食指自甲状软骨上切迹、前角触到下缘的凹陷性结构即为环甲膜[8]

环甲膜穿刺操作方法  一手拇指和中指固定环状软骨两侧, 食指触摸环甲膜, 一手握带有注射器空针的环甲膜穿刺针, 斜面向下, 寻找支撑点(实际操作中常为小鱼际肌支撑患者的颏部), 沿环状软骨上缘垂直刺入, 有落空感后停止进针, 回抽注射器, 有气体抽出或者注射器内液体出现气泡即可确认穿刺针在气管内, 穿刺针向头端倾斜45°, 固定针芯送入套管, 退出针芯, 固定颈带, 套管可以连接喷射通气软管或螺纹管(图 1A~1D)。

A:Position; B:Puncture; C:Identify; D:Ventilate with a manual jet device; E:A trachea and a simulated lung were connected by a syringe cylinder to establish a porcine model for needle cricothyroidotomy.Porcine larynx with integrated epiglottis, glottis, thyroid cartilage, cricothyroid membrane, cricoid cartilage and trachea was prepared.CTM:Cricothyroid membrane. 图 1 环甲膜穿刺示意图和猪环甲膜穿刺模型 Fig 1 A sketch diagram of needle cricothyroidotomy and a porcine model for needle cricothyroidotom

模型制作  切除猪喉多余组织, 保留会厌、声门、甲状软骨、环甲膜、环状软骨和气管等的完整性。在隆凸上方离断气管, 利用20 mL注射器针筒连接气管并用3M胶布固定, 远端连接模拟肺(图 1E)。

环甲膜切开操作方法  拇指和中指固定环状软骨, 食指触摸环甲膜, 操作者站立左侧, 右手握10号圆刀, 刀刃朝向术者、水平方向在环状软骨上缘垂直刺入, 注意避免损伤环状软骨造成气管狭窄或者损伤环甲动脉造成出血, 无法刺入可横向切开皮肤再行刺入, 注意避开颈前静脉, 尽量减少环甲肌、胸骨舌骨肌和胸骨甲状肌的损伤, 然后刀片朝尾端旋转90°, 注意此时人体切口会有血滲出, 需配备吸引器, 换左手握住刀柄并内收, 右手将润滑的弹性导芯置入气管5~8 cm, 置入后退出圆刀, 弹性导芯套上5~6号充分润滑的气管导管, 旋转置入, 气囊充气连接呼吸设备(图 2A~2D)。依据上述猪喉准备方法修整猪喉, 即可作为环甲膜切开模型(图 2E)。

A:To make a transver seincision after positioning; B:To rotate scalpel turning sharp edge caudally and enlarging the incision; C:To pull scalpel towards you to open up the incision, slide a bougie down scalpel blade into trachea; D:To place tube rotationally into trachea; E:A porcine model for scalpel cricothyroidotomy was established.Porcine larynx with integrated epiglottis, glottis, thyroid cartilage, cricothyroid membrane, cricoid cartilage and trachea was prepared.CTM:Cricothyroid membrane. 图 2 环甲膜切开示意图和猪环甲膜切开模型 Fig 2 A sketch diagram of scalpel cricothyroidotomy and a porcine model for scalpel cricothyroidotom

注意事项  环甲膜穿刺和切开选择环甲膜下缘, 避免损伤环甲动脉、环甲肌、喉上神经分支及环状软骨。气管导管过粗或过软均不易置入。

结果

猪喉具有与人类类似的组织结构, 会厌、声门、甲状软骨、环甲膜、环状软骨和气管的位置和结构人体结构近似。猪喉环甲膜定位明确, 与人体环甲膜穿刺位置相同, 穿刺针在环状软骨上缘垂直刺入, 穿刺成功后突破感明显, 有突破感后回抽空气即可确认在气管内, 置入套管后连接喷射通气装置, 进行手控喷射通气, 可见模拟肺起伏明显(图 3A)。

Emergency airway was established by needle cricothyroidotomy (A) and scalpel cricothyroidotomy (B).CTM:cricothyroid membrane; BVM:Bag-Valve-Mask. 图 3 环甲膜穿刺和切开建立气道 Fig 3 Emergency airway established by needle cricothyroidotomy and scalpel cricothyroidotom

猪喉环甲膜切开位置与人体相同, 依环甲膜切开流程行环甲膜切开, 在弹性导芯引导下旋转置入5~6号气管导管, 连接呼吸皮囊进行通气, 可见模拟肺起伏明显(图 3B)。

讨论

随着可视插管技术的发展, 困难气道和紧急外科气道的发生率显著降低。在无法施行人工通气和气管插管的情况下, 正确而快速地环甲膜穿刺或环甲膜切开技术仍是重要的急救措施。研究显示进行5次或以上练习可显著提高穿刺的成功率[9]

有研究使用狗作为环甲膜穿刺的教学训练模型[10]。相比于狗, 猪基因组学研究显示诸多基因变异与人类疾病类似, 其器官作为异种器官移植的首要来源[11]。猪喉具有与人类类似的解剖结构, 环甲膜、会厌、甲状软骨、环状软骨和气管与人类喉部组织结构大小接近, 而且环甲膜穿刺突破感与人体相似, 是练习环甲膜穿刺和切开的理想动物模型。本研究设计的猪喉环甲膜穿刺和切开模型在穿刺和切开成功后连接通气装置, 通气时可见模拟肺起伏明显。2015版DAS的《困难气道管理指南》更强调环甲膜切开并附有操作流程图[8], 但流程图相对简单, 需要在实训中详细阐述细节和注意点, 以提高临床医师处理紧急气道的能力, 降低操作并发症, 减少死亡率。

操作中需要注意的是:(1)穿刺时尽量伸展和拉薄环甲膜处皮肤, 应避免损伤颈前静脉、甲状腺上极、胸骨舌骨肌、胸骨甲状肌等正常组织; (2)解剖不清楚时穿刺部位宁下勿上; (3)操作时穿刺针和刀片应垂直刺入; (4)穿刺时小鱼际肌需寻找颏部支撑点, 悬空操作可能引起突破环甲膜后穿刺过深而损伤气道后壁; (5)穿刺遇突破感后需回抽空气以确认穿刺针在气管内; (6)刀片切开环甲膜, 旋转90°扩开皮肤后会有出血, 需配备吸引器和电凝等止血器械; (7)操作成功后需固定颈带或气管导管以防滑出; (8)手控喷射通气时注意压力不宜过大, 频率为10~12次/min, 吸呼比为1:2。密切观察胸廓起伏, 必须在看到胸廓明显回弹后才能再次喷射以避免气压伤的发生, 如喉部阻塞导致胸廓无法回弹, 需在环甲膜处另行穿刺针头排气。

综上所述, 修剪过并连接模拟肺的猪喉气管在组织结构和环甲膜突破感上与人体相似, 环甲膜穿刺或切开后建立的气道通气效果逼真, 结合操作过程中讲解注意事项, 可更好地用于临床医师紧急外科气道的培训。

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文章信息

伍金红, 李文献, 范庆, 陆艺
WU Jin-hong, LI Wen-xian, FAN Qing, LU Yi
实用猪环甲膜穿刺和切开模型
Practical porcine model for needle cricothyroidotomy and scalpel cricothyroidotomy
复旦学报医学版, 2019, 46(4): 524-528.
Fudan University Journal of Medical Sciences, 2019, 46(4): 524-528.
Corresponding author
FAN Qing, E-mail:fanqing@eentanesthesia.com.
基金项目
上海市卫计委基金(20174Y0125)
Foundation item
This work was supported by the Fund of Shanghai Municipal Health and Family Planning Commission (20174Y0125)

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