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   复旦学报(医学版)  2023, Vol. 50 Issue (4): 620-623      DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2023.04.021
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经食管二维及三维超声心动图在Lux-Valve Plus经血管三尖瓣置换术中的应用:1例报告
张源1,2,3 , 李伟1,2,3 , 潘翠珍1,2,3 , 陈丹丹1,2,3 , 陈莎莎1,2,3 , 潘文志1,2,3 , 李明飞1,2,3 , 张晓春1,2,3 , 张蕾1,2,3 , 陈海燕1,2,3 , 孔德红1,2,3 , 郭克芳1,2,3 , 舒先红1,2,3 , 周达新1,2,3 , 葛均波1,2,3     
1. 复旦大学附属中山医院心内科 上海 200032;
2. 上海市心血管病研究所 上海 200032;
3. 国家放射与治疗临床医学研究中心 上海 200032
摘要:重度三尖瓣反流(tricuspid regurgitation,TR)是一种常见的心脏瓣膜病,死亡率高,指南推荐外科手术高风险患者可考虑介入治疗。现有经血管三尖瓣置换术(transcatheter tricuspid valve replacement,TTVR)器械均处于临床研究阶段,超声心动图在术前筛查、术中影像支持、术后即刻评估及随访方面发挥重要作用。本文报道1例外科手术高危的极重度TR患者,行经颈静脉三尖瓣置换术后临床症状改善,并结合文献分析二维及三维经食管超声心动图(transesophageal echocardiography,TEE)在围手术期的注意事项,以期为临床实践提供参考。
关键词经食管超声心动图(TEE)    经血管三尖瓣置换术(TTVR)    三尖瓣反流(TR)    心脏瓣膜病    
2D and 3D transesophageal echocardiography used in transcatheter tricuspid valve replacement with Lux-Valve Plus system: one case report
ZHANG Yuan1,2,3 , LI Wei1,2,3 , PAN Cui-zhen1,2,3 , CHEN Dan-dan1,2,3 , CHEN Sha-sha1,2,3 , PAN Wen-zhi1,2,3 , LI Ming-fei1,2,3 , ZHANG Xiao-chun1,2,3 , ZHANG Lei1,2,3 , CHEN Hai-yan1,2,3 , KONG De-hong1,2,3 , GUO Ke-fang1,2,3 , SHU Xian-hong1,2,3 , ZHOU Da-xin1,2,3 , GE Jun-bo1,2,3     
1. Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
2. Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai 200032, China;
3. National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
Abstract: Severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a common heart valve disease with high mortality. The guidelines recommend that interventional therapy is considerable for high-risk surgical patients. The existing devices for transcatheter tricuspid valve replacement (TTVR) are in the clinical researches. Echocardiography plays an important role in preoperative screening, intraoperative guiding, postoperative evaluation and follow-up. This manuscript reports a case with high risk of surgery was significantly improved after transjugular TTVR. The precautions of two-dimensional and three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) were analyzed to provide reference for clinical practice.
Key words: transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)    transcatheter tricuspid valve replacement (TTVR)    tricuspid regurgitation (TR)    heart valve disease    

三尖瓣反流(tricuspid regurgitation,TR)是一种常见的心脏瓣膜病,死亡率高,其主要病因是左心瓣膜病和房颤。目前指南推荐外科手术高风险患者可考虑介入治疗[1]。现有经血管三尖瓣置换术(transcatheter tricuspid valve replacement,TTVR)器械均处于临床研究阶段,超声心动图在术前筛查、术中影像支持、术后即刻评估及随访方面发挥着重要的作用,但相关报道有限。本文报道1例外科手术高危的重度TR患者,行经颈静脉TTVR后临床症状改善,并重点分析二维及三维经食管超声心动图(transesophageal echocardiography,TEE)在围手术期的注意事项。

病例资料  患者,女,74岁,于2022年11月因“双下肢水肿3年”入住复旦大学附属中山医院心内科。14年前因二尖瓣狭窄行生物二尖瓣置换,近3年来反复腹胀、纳差、下肢水肿,口服利尿剂效果欠佳。术前超声心动图示:(1)二尖瓣置换术后人工生物二尖瓣未见异常;(2)右房室增大伴极重度TR,TR缩流颈宽度(vena contracta width,VCW)1.5 cm,有效反流口面积(effective regurgitant orifice area,EROA)0.76 cm2,反流量(regurgitant volume,Rvol)79 mL(图 1);(3)左、右室收缩功能正常,左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)73%,三尖瓣环收缩期运动幅度(tricuspid annular plane systolic excusion,TAPSE)21 mm,右室面积变化率(right ventricular fractional area change,RVFAC)46%;(4)轻度肺动脉高压。冠脉及肺动脉CT血管造影(computed tomographic angiography,CTA)均未见异常。X线示:两肺少许炎症,心影增大。心电图示:心房颤动。临床诊断:极重度三尖瓣关闭不全;二尖瓣生物瓣置换状态;心房颤动;NYHA Ⅲ级。术前STS评分为8.02分,CRS评分为9分,鉴于患者年龄较大,外科手术高危,决定使用Lux-Valve Plus系统进行TTVR。

VCW: Vena contracta width; VCA: Vena contracta area; EROA: Effective regurgitant orifice area; Rvol: Regurgitation volume. 图 1 二维食管心超诊断为极重度三尖瓣反流 Fig 1  Severe tricuspid regurgitation diagnosed by two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography

手术过程:患者于心导管室取平卧位,常规消毒铺巾,静脉复合麻醉后,穿刺左侧桡动脉监测血压,逐层分离右侧颈总静脉缝合包,并植入36 F鞘。穿刺右侧股动脉、股静脉,分别置入6 F鞘、6 F鞘。行左、右心导管检查测得肺动脉、右心室、右心房、左心房压力分别是28/15/20 mmHg、30/2/8 mmHg、20/8/13 mmHg和21/9/14 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa,下同)。抽血测得上腔静脉、肺动脉血氧饱和度分别为67.7%和80.7%。FICK法计算得:右心室心输出量(right ventricular cardiac output,RVCO)3.4 L/min,肺血管阻力(pulmonary vascular resistance,PVR)1.05 wood。于主动脉根部内放置猪尾导管,标记三尖瓣瓣环的位置。在经食管中段二维、三维上下腔静脉切面和DSA引导下,经右颈总静脉进入Super-stiff超硬导丝至下腔静脉(图 2A),然后沿超硬导丝送入Lux-Valve Plus输送系统至右房中部,撤出超硬导丝,在食管中段变异双心房三维切面和DSA引导下进行控弯进入右心室(图 2B)。在食管中段X-plane切面(食管中段大血管短轴切面和食管中段四腔心切面)和DSA引导下调整Lux-Valve Plus前侧两个类似“兔耳朵”的夹持键,使之从右心室侧贴近三尖瓣前叶,并向心房盘片的瓣环裙边靠拢,夹持三尖瓣前叶,限制三尖瓣前叶活动(图 3A)。在X-plane切面(食管中段四腔心切面和食管中段变异大血管短轴切面)和DSA引导下逐步释放瓣膜,再调整室间隔侧锚定叶片,使锚定叶片贴近室间隔并攻入锚定器(图 3B)。即刻对人工生物三尖瓣的位置、瓣膜形态、瓣膜启闭活动及瓣周从食管二维到三维多个切面进行探查,尤其是三尖瓣口三维“外科视野”可显示人工生物三尖瓣同轴性、与自身三尖瓣瓣环的贴合情况(即瓣周漏)和人工瓣膜启闭活动(图 4A)。三维彩色多普勒显示轻微瓣周漏(经右心室造影证实,图 4B),连续多普勒估测三尖瓣最大跨瓣压差为3 mmHg,平均跨瓣压差为1 mmHg,多切面探查均未见心包积液,解离瓣膜和输送系统,并撤出输送系统,手术完成。复测肺动脉、右心室、右心房、左心房压力分别是33/14/21 mmHg、33/8/21 mmHg、17/10/12 mmHg和22/9/14 mmHg,抽血测得上腔静脉和肺动脉血氧饱和度为72.1%和87%。由FICK法计算得:RVCO为3.89 L/min,PVR为2.51 wood。退出36 F血管鞘,缝合右侧颈总静脉,复查右侧颈总静脉造影未见血管狭窄、夹层、破裂征象,并逐层缝合皮下组织及皮肤,以Angioseal血管缝合器闭合右侧股动脉穿刺处,压迫右侧股静脉穿刺处。

A: The super stiff guide wire was from the superior vena cava to the inferior vena cava (orange arrow); B: The delivery system entered the right ventricle from the right atrium (orange arrow). LA: Leaf atrium; RA: Right atrium; SVC: Superior vena cava; IVC: Inferior vena cava. 图 2 三维食管超声指导人工瓣膜输送系统 Fig 2  Delivery system introduced under the guidance of three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography
A: The two leaflet-grasping clips grasped the anterior leaflet (orange arrow); B: The septal anchor was released under the guidance of two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (orange arrow). LA: Leaf atrium; RA: Right atrium; AO: Aorta; IVS: Intact ventricular septum. 图 3 二维食管心超指导Lux-Valve plus人工瓣膜释放 Fig 3  Deployment of Lux-Valve plus system guided by two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography
A: Good prosthetic valve position and coaxiality were confirmed; B: Minor leak was detected (orange arrow). TV: Tricuspid valve; AO: Aorta; MV: Mitral valve. 图 4 三维食管超声显示Lux-Valve plus人工瓣膜功能良好 Fig 4  Normal prosthetic valve function of Lux-Valve plus detected by 3D transesophageal echocardiography

讨论  原发性或继发性中重度以上的TR常常被忽视或未得到治疗,在2017年版指南中扩大了三尖瓣介入治疗的适应证[1],目前三尖瓣介入治疗已成为全球热点[2-5]。Lux-Valve是国内宁波健世科技股份有限公司研发的经右心房植入的自膨胀生物瓣膜,它是一种非径向支撑力的原位三尖瓣置换装置,瓣膜大小选择基于有效的三尖瓣口面积,而不是扩张的三尖瓣环。现已完成的临床试验结果显示:使用Lux-Valve经右心房植入的三尖瓣置换术治疗重度TR是一种可行的、相对安全的方法,且具有可靠的临床效果[6]。Lux-Valve Plus TTVR是在Lux-Valve基础上,将手术入路改为经右颈内静脉,已完成救治型临床实验10例,短期效果良好[7]。本例为第二例Lux-Valve Plus全国多中心临床探索性研究,患者14年前因重度二尖瓣狭窄行人工生物二尖瓣置换术,超声心动图示极重度TR,右房室增大及上下腔静脉增宽,传统外科手术高危,遂决定行Lux-Valve Plus TTVR。术中应用2D TEE、3D TEE和DSA多模态显像进行引导和监测,确保输送系统和植入器械右房的可视化,避免损伤房壁,引导植入器械安全跨瓣进入右室,并与三尖瓣瓣环平面垂直,引导植入器械上一对“兔耳朵”夹持键捕获三尖瓣前叶,引导植入器械的锚定器锚定室间隔。在瓣膜植入后即刻评估瓣膜的稳定性、反流、瓣周漏、跨瓣压差等,结果显示轻微瓣周漏,三尖瓣平均跨瓣压差为1 mmHg。

本例外科手术高危的极重度TR患者在2D TEE、3D TEE和DSA多模态显像引导和监测下完成TTVR,手术效果良好,术中2D TEE、3D TEE图像清晰,可为多中心临床探索性研究提供高质量的术中引导和监测。

作者贡献声明  张源  病例调研,论文撰写。李伟  影像采集,论文撰写。潘翠珍,陈丹丹,陈莎莎,潘文志,李明飞,张晓春,张蕾,陈海燕,孔德红,郭克芳  病例调研。舒先红,周达新,葛均波  研究指导,论文修订。

利益冲突声明  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

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文章信息

张源, 李伟, 潘翠珍, 陈丹丹, 陈莎莎, 潘文志, 李明飞, 张晓春, 张蕾, 陈海燕, 孔德红, 郭克芳, 舒先红, 周达新, 葛均波
ZHANG Yuan, LI Wei, PAN Cui-zhen, CHEN Dan-dan, CHEN Sha-sha, PAN Wen-zhi, LI Ming-fei, ZHANG Xiao-chun, ZHANG Lei, CHEN Hai-yan, KONG De-hong, GUO Ke-fang, SHU Xian-hong, ZHOU Da-xin, GE Jun-bo
经食管二维及三维超声心动图在Lux-Valve Plus经血管三尖瓣置换术中的应用:1例报告
2D and 3D transesophageal echocardiography used in transcatheter tricuspid valve replacement with Lux-Valve Plus system: one case report
复旦学报医学版, 2023, 50(4): 620-623.
Fudan University Journal of Medical Sciences, 2023, 50(4): 620-623.
Corresponding author
ZHOU Da-xin, E-mail:zhou.daxin@zs-hospital.sh.cn.
基金项目
国家重点研发计划(2020YFC2008100)
Foundation item
This work was supported by the National Key R & D Program of China (2020YFC2008100)

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