文章快速检索     高级检索
   复旦学报(医学版)  2019, Vol. 46 Issue (4): 466-471      DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2019.04.006
0
Contents            PDF            Abstract             Full text             Fig/Tab
腹膜透析(PD)患者血清硫酸吲哚酚(IS)浓度的影响因素
谢婷1 , 孙肇星2 , 包满辰2 , 曹学森2 , 邹建洲2 , 吉俊2 , 丁小强2 , 徐旭东1 , 俞小芳2     
1. 复旦大学附属闵行医院肾内科 上海 201100;
2. 复旦大学附属中山医院肾内科 上海 200032
摘要目的 腹膜透析(peritoneal dialysis,PD)患者血清硫酸吲哚酚(indoxyl sulfate,IS)浓度显著低于血液透析患者,进一步分析PD患者血清IS浓度的影响因素。方法 研究对象为在复旦大学附属中山医院腹透中心定期评估、病情稳定的持续不卧床PD(continuous ambulatory PD,CAPD)患者,收集患者一般人口统计学资料,检测血清IS浓度及各项实验室检查指标,进行腹膜平衡试验和透析充分性检查。结果 共纳入CAPD患者169例,有尿和无尿患者的性别、年龄、肾脏基础疾病、贫血、营养等一般情况差异均无统计学意义;有尿患者血清IS浓度更低[(18.74±11.30)μg/mL vs.(28.05±13.98)μg/mL,P < 0.001],透析充分性更好[tKt/v:2.20±0.60 vs.1.84±0.43,P < 0.001;tCcr:(71.68±22.84)L/wk vs.(53.66±11.16)L/wk,P < 0.001]。依据tKt/v分组,无论有尿还是无尿,透析充分与不充分患者IS浓度差异均无统计学意义;而依据tCcr分组则发现,透析充分的有尿患者血清IS浓度显著低于透析不充分的有尿患者。不同腹膜转运特性患者间血清IS浓度无统计学意义,高转运患者微炎症状态、营养不良情况更明显。单因素及多因素分析均提示透析龄、硫酸对甲酚、尿量、tCcr、前白蛋白、血肌酐与IS浓度具有显著相关性,且校正透析龄及尿量后tCcr与IS仍显著相关。结论 CAPD患者残余肾功能对IS清除极为重要,腹膜转运特性对血清IS浓度无显著影响;透析龄、硫酸对甲酚、尿量、tCcr、前白蛋白、血肌酐与血清IS浓度具有显著相关性。对于有尿CAPD患者,tCcr能够在一定程度上反映血清IS水平。
关键词腹膜透析(PD)    透析充分性    硫酸吲哚酚(IS)    残余肾功能    
Influencing factors of serum indoxyl sulfate (IS) concentration in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients
XIE Ting1 , SUN Zhao-xing2 , BAO Man-chen2 , CAO Xue-sen2 , ZOU Jian-zhou2 , JI Jun2 , DING Xiao-qiang2 , XU Xu-dong1 , YU Xiao-fang2     
1. Department of Nephrology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201100, China;
2. Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
Abstract: Objective Serum indoxyl sulfate (IS) concentration in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients was significantly lower than that in hemodialysis patients.To analyze the influencing factors of serum IS concentration in PD patients. Methods Continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD) patients in stable condition and assessed regularly in Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University were enrolled.Baseline demographic, serum IS concentration and laboratory test data were collected, peritoneal equilibration test (PET) and dialysis adequacy were performed to assess their dialysis condition. Results Total 169 CAPD patients were enrolled.Analysis results showed:there was no significant difference in sex, age, anemia and nutritional status between anuric and non-anuric patients.Anuric patients had lower IS concentration[(18.74±11.30) μg/mL vs.(28.05±13.98) μg/mL, P < 0.001] and better dialysis adequacy[tKt/v:2.20±0.60 vs. 1.84±0.43, P < 0.001;tCcr:(71.68±22.84) L/wk vs.(53.66±11.16) L/wk, P < 0.001].Neither anuric nor non-anuric patients grouped by tKt/v there was no significant difference in IS concentration between patients with different dialysis adequacy.While grouped by tCcr, serum IS level in non-anuric patients with good PD adequacy was much lower than those with inadequate PD.There was no difference in serum IS levels among patients with different peritoneal transport characteristics.Micro-inflammation and malnutrition were more pronounced in high transport group.Univariate and multivariate analyses all showed that there were significant correlations between IS and PD duration, Scr, p-cresly sulfate (PCS), residual renal function (RRF), tCcr and prealbumin.The correlation between IS and tCcr was still significant after adjusted PD duration and urine amount. Conclusions For CAPD patients, RRF is very important for IS clearance.Peritoneal transport characteristics have no significant effect on serum IS level.PD duration, nutritional status, RRF and PD adequacy are all correlated with serum IS level independently.For non-anuric CAPD patients, tCcr maybe an effect indicator to assess serum IS concentration.
Key words: peritoneal dialysis (PD)    dialysis adequacy    indoxyl sulfate (IS)    residual renal function    

硫酸吲哚酚(indoxyl sulfate, IS)是一种重要的尿毒症毒素, 由食物中摄入的色氨酸经肠道细菌分解成吲哚, 经门静脉转运至肝脏, 再由细胞色素P450 2E1(CYP2E1)代谢而成[1-4]。肾功能正常时, IS主要经肾小管分泌、排泄; 当肾功能减退时, 血清中IS浓度显著升高[5]。IS本身为小分子毒素, 但人体中90%以上IS以蛋白结合形式存在, 从而使其极难通过普通的透析方式清除[5-6]。腹膜透析(peritoneal dialysis, PD)被认为对中大分子毒素具有更好的清除作用, 既往研究及本中心前期研究均发现PD患者血清IS浓度显著低于血液透析患者[7], 本研究将进一步分析PD患者血清IS浓度的影响因素。

资料和方法

研究对象  选取2017年1月至2018年2月在复旦大学附属中山医院进行规律随访、病情稳定的持续不卧床PD(continuous ambulatory PD, CAPD)患者纳入研究。本研究通过复旦大学附属中山医院伦理委员会审批, 患者签署知情同意书。

纳入标准  同时符合以下4项:(1)年龄≥18岁; (2)透析龄≥6个月; (3)使用双联双袋乳酸盐腹透液(Dianeal®, 美国Baxter公司); (4)腹透方案:每次灌入透析液2 L, 每天交换透析液4次(根据患者评估情况进行必要调整), 每周透析7天。

排除标准  符合以下3项中任何一项:(1)近3个月内发生腹膜炎及其他部位显性炎症; (2)近3个月内发生严重心脑血管事件; (3)近1个月内服用过影响胃肠道的药物, 如肾衰宁、尿毒清、包醛氧淀粉。

研究方法  评估日清晨抽取空腹血, 按照标准腹膜平衡试验(peritoneal equilibration test, PET)评估步骤留取血液、腹透液标本。血常规、肝肾功能、电解质、血脂、血糖、血钙、血磷、全段甲状旁腺素、贫血相关指标、脑钠肽前体、β2-微球蛋白(β2-microglobulin, β2-MG)、IL-1、IL-6、高敏C反应蛋白均送中山医院检验科检测。运用高效液相色谱-电喷雾-串联质谱(HPLC-ESI-MS/MS)技术检测血清中IS、硫酸对甲酚(p-cresly sulfate, PCS)浓度[8]。用EPI公式计算患者PD开始前基础肾小球滤过率, 用PD Adquest 2.0 (美国Baxter公司)计算患者的标准蛋白分解率(normalized protein tkth catabolic rate, nPCR)、尿素清除指数(Kt/v)、每周总肌酐清除率(total clearance of creatinine, tCcr)等PET评估相关数据。24小时尿量<100 mL定义为无尿。

统计学方法  以SPSS 22.0作为统计分析工具, 双侧P<0.05视为差异有统计学意义。正态分布数据采用x±s表示, 组间比较采用独立样本t检验, 多组间比较采用单因素ANOVA分析, 三组间两两比较采用Bonferroni校正后, P<0.017视为差异有统计学意义, 运用协方差分析对混杂因素进行校正。非正态分布数据采用M(1/4, 3/4)表示, 组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验; 多组间比较采用Kruskal-Wallis单因素ANOVA分析, 两两比较采用LSD检验。分类变量组间比较采用χ2检验。血清IS与其他临床、生化指标的相关性分析采用Pearson/Spearman相关分析; 采用线性回归对IS的影响因素进行分析。

结果

有尿和无尿患者比较  研究共纳入CAPD患者169例, 分为有尿组(n=111)和无尿组(n=58)。比较两组患者一般人口统计学及各项实验室检测指标, 结果发现:两组患者性别、年龄、透析前基线肾小球滤过率、肾脏基础疾病、贫血、营养等一般情况差异均无统计学意义。有尿患者血清IS浓度更低[(18.74±11.30) μg/mL vs.(28.05±13.98) μg/mL, P<0.001]、透析充分性更好[tKt/v:2.20±0.60 vs. 1.84±0.43, P<0.001;tCcr:(71.68±22.84) L/wk vs.(53.66±11.16) L/wk, P<0.001];无尿患者的透析龄更长(12.80个月vs.31.45个月, P<0.001), 钙磷代谢紊乱、微炎症状态发生率更高(表 12)。

表 1 有尿与无尿患者一般情况比较 Tab 1 Comparison of baseline demographic and clinical characteristics between anuric and non-anuric patients
(x±s)
Parameters All patients (n=169) Non-anuric group (n=111) Anuric group (n=58) P
Gender (M/F) 88/81 58/53 30/28 0.948
Age (y) 56.07±14.32 56.27±15.22 55.67±12.52 0.797
Base-line GFR (mL·min-1·1.73 m-2) 5.75±2.10 5.73±1.99 5.80±2.33 0.836
Underlying kidney disease [n (%)] 0.074
  Glomerular disease 64 (37.9) 47 (42.3) 17 (29.3) -
  Diabetic nephropathy 26 (15.4) 15 (13.5) 11 (19) -
  Hypertensive nephropathy 24 (14.2) 19 (17.1) 5 (8.6) -
  Polycystic kidney disease 5 (3.0) 3 (2.7) 2 (3.4) -
  Others 17 (10.1) 12 (10.8) 5 (8.6) -
  Unkown 33 (19.5) 15 (13.5) 18 (31.0) -
PD duration (mo) 15.4 (10.9-32.8) 12.8 (8.5-18.3) 31.45 (21.9-82.0) 0.001
Urine amount (mL/d) 300 (0-900) 300 (600-1 100) - -
tKt/v 2.08±0.57 2.20±0.60 1.84±0.43 0.001
tCcr (L/wk) 65.38±21.34 71.68±22.84 53.66±11.16 0.001
nPCR (g·kg-1·d-1) 0.86±0.21 0.88±0.20 0.81±0.21 0.06
IS (μg/mL) 21.99±13.04 18.74±11.30 28.05±13.98 0.001
PCS (μg/mL) 23.76±17.93 21.53±16.47 27.91±19.87 0.03
D/Pcr 0.76±0.13 0.76±0.13 0.78±0.10 0.367
  CAPD:Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis; PD:Peritoneal dialysis; tCcr:Total creatinine clearance; IS:Indoxyl sulfate; PCS:p-cresyl sulfate; nPCR:Normalized protein catabolic rate; D/P:Dialysate-to-plasma.
表 2 有尿组与无尿组患者临床生化指标比较 Tab 2 Comparison of biochemical characteristics between anuric and non-anuric patients
(x±s)
Characteristics Non-auric group (n=111) Auric group (n=58) P
Scr (μmol/L) 862.16±272.05 1 082.14±310.07 0.001
BUN (mmol/L) 18.19±4.70 19.95±8.11 0.130
Uric acid (μmol/L) 405.67±85.78 388.97±79.73 0.221
Hemoglobin (g/L) 99.08±18.69 99.89±27.04 0.840
Albumin (g/L) 34.30±4.38 33.05±4.30 0.079
Prealbumin (mg/L) 0.35±0.08 0.35±0.12 0.781
ALP (U/L) 64.00 (49.00-81.50) 86.50 (65.75-111.75) 0.001
Ca (mmol/L) 2.25±0.22 2.33±0.27 0.041
P (mmol/L) 1.63±0.43 1.92±0.61 0.002
i-PTH (pg/ml) 124.7 (81.3-238.8) 182.7 (64.1-410.0) 0.103
β2-MG (mg/L) 23.10±8.39 36.72±10.86 0.001
IL-6 (pg/mL) 8.22±8.90 9.53±7.05 0.477
hs-CRP (mg/L) 1.9 (1.1-5.4) 3.6 (2.0-14.4) 0.001
ESR (mm/h) 28.94±17.63 37.76±22.04 0.01
  Scr:Serum creatinine; BUN:Blood urea nitrogen; ALP:Alkaline phosphatase; PTH:Parathormone; β2-MG:β2-microglobulin; IL:Interleukin; hs-CRP:High-sensitivity C-reactive protein; ESR:Erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

不同透析充分性患者比较  表 1提示有尿和无尿患者的透析充分性存在显著差异, 因此根据患者是否充分透析, 将患者进一步分为透析充分(tKt/v≥1.7, n=109)与不充分(tKt/v<1.7, n=60)两组, 结果发现有尿患者与无尿患者组间血清IS浓度差异均无统计学意义。而依据tCcr进行分组则发现有尿组内透析充分的患者血清IS浓度显著低于透析不充分的患者(P=0.005), 无尿组内透析充分的患者IS亦较低, 但差异无统计学意义(表 3)。

表 3 不同透析充分性患者IS浓度比较情况 Tab 3 IS concentration comparison between patients with different dialysis adequacies
(x±s)
Group IS (μg/mL) IS (μg/mL)
tKt/v≥1.7 tKt/v<1.7 P tCcr≥50 L/wk tCcr<50 L/wk P
Non-anuric 18.56±10.35 19.80±14.27 0.638 17.56±10.34 26.42±14.04 0.005
Anuric 26.28±14.86 30.02±12.91 0.317 25.44±13.23 32.90±14.35 0.054
  IS:Indoxyl sulfate; tCcr:Total clearance of creatinine.

不同腹膜转运特性患者比较  腹膜转运特性是PD评估不可或缺的内容。虽然已有研究提示腹膜转运特性与血清IS无明显相关性, 但既往研究分组简单, 且样本量较小。本研究根据患者腹膜转运特性将所有患者分为3组:高转运(H, n=64)、高平均转运(HA, n=72)、低平均+低转运(L+LA, n=33, 其中低转运2例)。各组患者间IS浓度差异无统计学意义; 对尿量、透析充分分别校正后, 两者无显著相关性; 高转运组患者微炎症、营养不良更为明显(表 4)。本次研究中高转运患者比例偏高, 可能与部分患者透析龄较长、腹膜纤维化及部分患者可能存在隐匿感染等有关。

表 4 不同腹膜转运功能患者各项指标的比较 Tab 4 Comparison among patients with different peritoneal transport functions
(v±s)
Parameters L+LA (n=33) HA (n=72) H (n=64) P
Gender (M/F) 17/16 38/34 34/30 0.901
Age (y) 55.74±14.78 53.76±14.38 58.48±14.33 0.166
PD duration (m) 14.0 (8.3-27.1) 14.6 (11.8-38.4) 16.15 (10.30-34.00) 0.553
Urine amount (mL/d) 400 (100-1 000) 275 (0-1000) 200 (0-638) 0.343
nPCR (g·kg-1·d-1) 0.92±0.26 0.84±0.17 0.85±0.23 0.257
IS (unadjusted) 22.06±13.49 22.15±13.60 22.30±12.78 0.996
for urine amount 23.30 (18.56-28.05) 22.20 (19.26-25.14) 21.75 (18.73-24.76) 0.862
for PD duration 23.65 (18.56-28.74) 22.26 (19.15-25.38) 22.09 (18.92-25.25) 0.869
forurinetKt/v 22.51 (17.55-27.46) 22.02 (18.94-25.10) 22.25 (19.10-25.41) 0.985
forurinetCcr 20.77 (16.18-25.35) 22.09 (19.24-24.93) 22.89 (19.97-25.81) 0.740
PCS (μg/ml) 26.18±18.78 23.42±18.74 23.10±16.85 0.749
Scr (μmol/L) 973.11±327.87 991.39±330.76 884.28±248.45 0.106
BUN (mmol/L) 19.56±5.16 18.77±5.35 18.50±7.27 0.753
Uric Acid (umol/L) 416.52±88.18 403.31±73.48 396.34±90.95 0.572
WBC (×109/L) 6.59±1.80 6.93±2.07 7.32±2.94 0.399
Hemoglobin (g/L) 109.35±21.36(2) 96.46±21.69(1) 100.52±20.62 0.033
Albumin (g/L) 36.26±3.84(3) 34.50±4.11(3) 32.45±4.34(1)(2) 0.001
Prealbumin (mg/L) 0.37±0.08(3) 0.36±0.10(3) 0.32±0.08(1)(2) 0.015
ALP (U/L) 63.70±27.34(3) 77.83±32.15 85.80±44.06(1) 0.034
Ca (mmol/L) 2.39±0.19(3) 2.28±0.28 2.24±0.20(1) 0.029
P (mmol/L) 1.76±0.59 1.82±0.49 1.63±0.51 0.119
i-PTH (pg/mL) 130.9 (81.3-251.3) 161.8 (89.7-348.1) 124.6 (49.9-252.1) 0.351
β2-MG (mg/L) 27.68±11.06 27.43±12.01 28.10±11.00 0.949
IL-6 (pg/mL) 7.26±6.34 5.70±3.07(3) 12.18±11.57(2) 0.002
hs-CRP (mg/L) 1.1 (0.8-3.4)(2)(3) 2.1 (1.2-7.1)(1) 2.9 (1.6-10.6)(1) 0.004
ESR (mm/h) 25.95±17.84(3) 29.89±18.43 37.95±19.84(1) 0.015
  L:Low transport; LA:Low average transport; HA:High average transport; H:High transport; PD:Peritoneal dialysis; nPCR:Normalized protein catabolic rate; IS:Indoxyl sulfate; PCS:P-cresyl sulfate; D/P:Dialysate-to-plasma; Scr:Serum creatinine; BUN:Blood urea nitrogen; WBC:White blood cell; ALP:Alkaline phosphatase; β2-MG:β2-microglobulin; hs-CRP:High-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL:Interleukin; PTH:Parathormone; ESR:Erythrocyte sedimentation rate.(1)vs.L+LA, P<0.017;(2)vs.HA, P<0.017;(3)vs.H, P<0.017.Adjusted data were represented as mean (95% CI).

血清IS浓度影响因素的单因素及多因素分析  单因素分析提示患者血清IS浓度与尿量、tCcr、tKt/v呈负相关, 与透析龄、PCS、白细胞、前白蛋白、血肌酐、尿素氮、钙、磷、β2-MG呈正相关。多因素分析提示透析龄、PCS、尿量、tCcr、前白蛋白、血肌酐与IS浓度仍有显著相关性, 分别校正透析龄、尿量后, tCcr与IS仍具有显著相关性(校正透析龄:β=-0.459, P<0.001;校正尿量:β=-0.424, P<0.001, 表 5)。

表 5 PD患者IS浓度的单因素、多因素分析情况 Tab 5 Univariate and multivariate analysis of serum IS concentration in PD patients
Items Univariate Multivariate
β P β P
PD duration 0.251 0.001 0.156 0.015
PCS 0.508 <0.001 0.432 <0.001
Urine amount -0.401 <0.001 -0.177 0.033
tCcr -0.459 <0.001 -0.257 0.006
tKt/v -0.276 <0.001 0.157 0.055
WBC 0.197 0.013
Prealbumin 0.344 <0.001 0.227 <0.001
Serumcreatinine 0.465 <0.001 0.206 0.009
BUN 0.220 0.005
Ca 0.274 <0.001
P 0.219 0.005
i-PTH 0.156 0.053
β2-MG 0.280 0.001
  PD:Peritoneal dialysis; IS:Indoxyl sulfate; PCS:P-cresyl sulfate; WBC:White blood cell; ALP:Alkaline phosphatase; BUN:Blood urea nitrogen; PTH:Parathormone; β2-MG:β2-microglobulin; tCcr:Total clearance of creatinine.
讨论

本研究再次证实残余肾功能在蛋白结合毒素IS清除中的重要地位, 透析充分的CAPD患者血清IS浓度更低(依据tCcr分组), 但腹膜转运特性对血清IS浓度无明显影响。同时发现, 透析龄、血清PCS、尿量、tCcr、前白蛋白、血肌酐与血清IS浓度具有显著相关性。

IS是被广泛研究的尿毒症毒素之一, 生理情况下主要由肾小管分泌、排泄, 肾功能减退、肾小管排泄减少会造成IS在体内蓄积, 进而加速心血管疾病、慢性肾脏病的发生与进展[8-11]。一项随访24个月的前瞻性研究提示[12], 随着透析龄的增加, PD患者肾功能逐渐减退, 血清IS浓度显著升高, 而其中75%以上的IS依然是通过残余肾功能清除, 腹膜对IS的清除在整个随访过程中并无显著变化。与既往文献报道一致[12-14], 本研究也发现有尿患者血清IS浓度显著低于无尿患者, 多因素分析证实尿量与血清IS浓度存在显著的负相关。

目前对透析龄与IS相关性仍有一定争议。Viaene的研究(n=35, 随访2年)虽然发现随着透析龄的增加, 血清IS浓度显著升高, 但2年随访期内患者腹膜对IS的清除并无明显变化, 因此该研究认为患者IS的升高是由于透析龄增加后患者残余肾功能逐渐减退所致, 透析龄与IS并无直接相关[12]。本研究虽未测定患者腹透液及尿液中IS的浓度, 但多因素回归分析提示IS与透析龄、尿量均独立相关。既往亦有研究指出如未对透析龄进行校正, 会造成统计结果的误差[15]。因此, 我们也建议针对PD患者IS的研究需要对透析龄进行矫正, 以免造成统计结果的误差。

虽然既往研究发现透析充分性与血清IS浓度存在相关性[12-13], 但并未进行深入探讨。本研究分别将有尿和无尿患者进一步分为透析充分与不充分两组。依据tKt/v分组, 无论有无残余肾功能, 透析充分与不充分患者的血清IS浓度均无差异; 而依据tCcr分组, 透析充分的有尿患者血清IS浓度显著低于透析不充分的有尿患者, 但无尿组内, 血清IS浓度虽有差异但无统计学意义。与既往研究相一致[12-14], 本研究中多因素分析也证实tCcr与血清IS呈显著负相关性。分析可能的原因:(1) IS主要通过肾小管的分泌排泄, 肾小管对肌酐亦有一定的分泌, 所以在有尿患者中肾脏对IS和肌酐的清除可能存在一定的相互作用; (2)相对于尿素氮, 肌酐的分子大小与IS更接近, 故而推断肌酐与IS的分泌排泄相关性可能更高。

与Huang等[16]的研究结果类似, 本研究也发现不同腹膜转运特性患者间血清IS浓度无显著差异, 进一步就尿量、透析充分性情况分别校正后, 发现两者间仍无显著相关性。由于腹膜转运特性主要反映的是肌酐等小分子毒素的腹膜渗透特性, 而IS为蛋白结合毒素, 血清中游离IS不到10%, D/Pcr值不适用于评估IS的腹膜渗透情况, 未来需要研发新的公式或方法用于评估IS等蛋白质结合毒素的腹膜渗透情况。本研究同时发现, 腹膜高转运患者微炎症状态、营养不良倾向更为明显, 故预防腹膜高转运仍具有积极的临床意义。

本研究存在以下不足:未同步检测患者尿液、腹透液中IS的排泄情况; 仅纳入了每天交换4次的CAPD患者。后期我们将进一步分析不同透析方案的PD患者血液、腹透液及尿液中IS的浓度情况, 以期对上述结论进一步补充和完善。

本研究再次证实残余肾功能在IS清除中的重要作用; 透析充分的CAPD患者(依据tCcr评估)血清IS浓度更低; 腹膜转运功能对血清IS浓度无明显影响; 透析龄、血清PCS、尿量、tCcr、前白蛋白、血肌酐与血清IS浓度具有显著相关性。校正尿量、透析龄后, tCcr与血清IS呈显著负相关, 故认为对于仍具有残余肾功能的CAPD患者, tCcr可能在一定程度上反映患者的血清IS情况, 但仍需进一步研究证实。

参考文献
[1]
MEYER TW, WALTHER JL, PAGTALUNAN ME, et al. The clearance of protein-bound solutes by hemofiltration and hemodiafiltration[J]. Kidney Int, 2005, 68(2): 867-877. [DOI]
[2]
BUESCHKENS DH, STILES ME. Escherichia coli variants for gas and indole product at elevated incubation temperatures[J]. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1984, 48(3): 604-605.
[3]
NIWA T. Indoxyl sulfate is a nephro-vascular toxin[J]. J RenNutr, 2010, 20(5): S2-S6. [URI]
[4]
VANHOLDER R, BAMMENS B, DE LOOR H, et al. Warning:The unfortunate end of p-cresol as a uraemic toxin[J]. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2011, 26(5): 1464-1467. [DOI]
[5]
ENOMOTO A, TAKEDA M, TOJO A, et al. Role of organic anion transporters in the tubular transport of indoxyl sulfate and the induction of its nephrotoxicity[J]. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2002, 13(7): 1711-1720. [DOI]
[6]
NIGAM SK, WU W, BUSH KT, et al. Handling of drugs, metabolites, and uremic toxins by kidney proximal tubule drug transporters[J]. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2015, 10(11): 2039-2049. [DOI]
[7]
PHAM NM, RECHT NS, HOSTETTER TH, et al. Removal of the protein-bound solutes indican and p-cresol sulfate by peritoneal dialysis[J]. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2008, 3(1): 85-90. [DOI]
[8]
CAO XS, CHEN J, ZOU JZ, et al. Association of indoxyl sulfate with heart failure among patients on hemodialysis[J]. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2015, 10(1): 111-119. [DOI]
[9]
SHIMIZU H, YISIREYILI M, HIGASHIYAMA Y, et al. Indoxyl sulfate upregulates renal expression of ICAM-1via production of ROS and activation of NF-κB and p53in proximal tubular cells[J]. Life Sci, 2013, 92(2): 143-148. [DOI]
[10]
BOLATI D, SHIMIZU H, YISIREYILI M, et al. Indoxyl sulfate, a uremic toxin, downregulates renal expression of Nrf2 through activation of NF-κB[J]. BMC Nephrol, 2013, 14: 56. [DOI]
[11]
曹学森, 邹建洲, 滕杰, 等. 硫酸吲哚酚与血液透析患者左心室肥厚关系的研究[J]. 中华肾脏病杂志, 2015, 31(3): 186-192. [DOI]
[12]
VIAENE L, MEIJERS BK, BAMMENS B, et al. Serum concentritions of p-cresyl sulfate and indoxyl sulfate, but not inflammatory markers, increase in incident peritoneal dialysis patient in parallel with loss of residual renal fuction[J]. Perit Dial Int, 2014, 34(1): 71-78. [DOI]
[13]
LEE CT, KUO CC, CHEN YM, et al. Factors associated with blood concentrations of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis[J]. Perit Dial Int, 2010, 30(4): 456-463. [DOI]
[14]
阮梦娜, 陈旭娇, 陈思秀, 等. 腹膜透析患者血清蛋白结合毒素水平及影响因素分析[J]. 第二军医大学学报, 2017, 38(10): 1238-1243. [URI]
[15]
JANSZ TT, VAN REEKUM FE, ÖZYILMAZ A, et al. Coronary artery calcification in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis[J]. Am J Nephrol, 2018, 48(5): 369-377. [DOI]
[16]
HUANG WH, HUNG CC, YANG CW, et al. High correlation between clearance of renal protein-bound uremic toxins (indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate) and renal water-soluble toxins in peritoneal dialysis patients[J]. Ther Apher Dial, 2012, 16(4): 361-367. [DOI]

文章信息

谢婷, 孙肇星, 包满辰, 曹学森, 邹建洲, 吉俊, 丁小强, 徐旭东, 俞小芳
XIE Ting, SUN Zhao-xing, BAO Man-chen, CAO Xue-sen, ZOU Jian-zhou, JI Jun, DING Xiao-qiang, XU Xu-dong, YU Xiao-fang
腹膜透析(PD)患者血清硫酸吲哚酚(IS)浓度的影响因素
Influencing factors of serum indoxyl sulfate (IS) concentration in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients
复旦学报医学版, 2019, 46(4): 466-471.
Fudan University Journal of Medical Sciences, 2019, 46(4): 466-471.
Corresponding author
YU Xiao-fang, E-mail:yu.xiaofang@zs-hospital.sh.cn.
基金项目
国家自然科学基金(81570600);第四批上海市青年拔尖人才计划; 上海市闵行区中心医院青年人才科研基金(2019MHLC05)
Foundation item
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81570600), the 4th Shanghai Young Top-notch Talents Plan, and the Scientific Research Foundation for Young Talents of Minhang District Central Hospital, Shanghai (2019MHLC05)

工作空间