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   复旦学报(医学版)  2023, Vol. 50 Issue (1): 134-139      DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2023.01.019
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奥马珠单抗在嗜酸细胞性肉芽肿性多血管炎中应用的研究进展
马圆 , 崔博 , 陈智鸿     
复旦大学附属中山医院呼吸与危重医学科 上海 200032
摘要:嗜酸细胞性肉芽肿性多血管炎(eosinophilia granulomatosis polyangiitis,EGPA)是一种临床少见但可累及全身多系统的自身免疫性疾病。当前诱导EGPA缓解和预防复发的药物主要是糖皮质激素和免疫抑制剂,患者在治疗过程中常出现复发和皮质类固醇依赖相关的问题,因此亟需新的治疗方法。奥马珠单抗(omalizumab,OMA)是一种人源化抗IgE单克隆抗体,在我国于2017年8月获批用于中重度变应性哮喘的治疗,已有超过3万例哮喘患者接受治疗,应用前景广阔。近年来OMA在EGPA中的应用研究日益增多,本文对近年来国内外使用OMA治疗EGPA的临床研究包括潜在药理机制、临床获益及不良反应等进行综述,为奥马珠单抗的相关临床治疗研究提供参考。
关键词奥马珠单抗(OMA)    嗜酸细胞性肉芽肿性多血管炎(EGPA)    疗效    安全性    
Research progress on application of omalizumab in eosinophilia granulomatosis polyangiitis
MA Yuan , CUI Bo , CHEN Zhi-hong     
Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
Abstract: Eosinophilia granulomatosis polyangiitis (EGPA) is a rare clinical autoimmune disease that can involve multiple systems in the body. The current drugs for EGPA to induce remission and prevent relapse mainly include glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive agents. Patients often experience relapse and corticosteroid dependence-related problems during treatment, so new treatments are still urgently needed. Omalizumab (OMA) is a humanized anti-IgE monoclonal antibody that was approved in China in August 2017 for the treatment of moderate to severe allergic asthma. So far, more than 30 000 asthma patients have been treated with OMA, and its application is promising. In recent years, the application research of OMA in EGPA has also increased. This article reviews the clinical research on OMA treatment of EGPA at home and abroad in recent years, including the potential pharmacological mechanism, clinical benefits and adverse reactions, etc., for the reference of omalizumab-related clinical treatment research.
Key words: omalizumab (OMA)    eosinophilic granulomatous polyangiitis (EGPA)    efficacy    safety    

嗜酸细胞性肉芽肿性多血管炎(eosinophilic granulomatous polyangiitis,EGPA)又名变应性肉芽肿性血管炎(Churg-Strauss syndrome,CSS),是一种临床少见但可累及呼吸系统、神经系统、循环系统等全身多系统且危害严重的自身免疫性疾病[1-2]。EGPA发病机制为嗜酸粒细胞浸润和抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体(antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody,ANCA)介导的血管壁损伤,EGPA属于罕见的抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体相关性血管炎(ANCA-associated vasculitis,AAV)[3],年发病率和年患病率分别为0.9~2.4/百万和10.7~17.8/百万,当前诱导缓解和预防复发的药物主要有糖皮质激素和免疫抑制剂[4]。尽管EGPA患者对糖皮质激素的反应总体良好,但常出现复发和皮质类固醇依赖相关的问题,因此亟需新的治疗方法。近年来奥马珠单抗(omalizumab,OMA)在EGPA中的应用研究日益增多,本文对近年来国内外使用OMA治疗EGPA的临床研究包括潜在药理机制、临床获益及不良反应等进行概述,以期为OMA的相关临床治疗研究提供参考。

OMA及其临床应用  OMA是一种人源化抗IgE单克隆抗体,能够选择性结合IgE,降低游离IgE水平,使免疫细胞表面高亲和力IgE受体下调,减少炎症细胞激活和炎症介质释放,从而减轻临床症状[5-6]。美国FDA分别于2003、2014和2020年批准奥马珠单抗用于哮喘、慢性荨麻疹和慢性鼻-鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉的治疗[7-9]。OMA在我国于2017年8月获批用于中重度变应性哮喘的治疗,2018年3月起正式临床使用,迄今已有超过3万例哮喘患者接受过OMA的治疗,我国已经制定OMA治疗儿童和成人过敏性哮喘的指南和专家共识,疗效和安全性均得到充分验证[10-14]。2022年4月,OMA用于治疗慢性自发性荨麻疹适应证已在我国获批。对于抗组胺药治疗后疗效不佳的慢性荨麻疹患者,OMA可明显改善瘙痒和荨麻疹症状且安全性较好[15-17]。OMA治疗食物过敏、药物过敏和过敏性支气管肺曲霉病等都有良好疗效,应用前景广阔[18-20]

OMA治疗使EGPA患者获益的潜在机制  目前OMA治疗EGPA的机制尚不明确,获益的潜在机制主要包括以下方面:(1)降低游离IgE水平,阻断其与受体结合。OMA是一种人源化抗lgE单克隆抗体,可与IgE分子的第3个恒定结构域结合,降低游离IgE水平,抑制游离IgE与表达高亲和力受体FcεRI的肥大细胞、嗜碱粒细胞和树突状细胞等结合,抑制效应细胞活化和炎症介质的释放[21]。(2)下调效应细胞表面IgE受体的表达。OMA可下调52%~83% FcεRI受体表达[22-23]。(3)减少IgE的合成。OMA可减少分泌IgE的浆细胞数量,抑制B细胞合成IgE,使IgE合成下降54%[24]。(4)减少嗜酸性粒细胞数。EGPA血管病变中的浸润性嗜酸性粒细胞和血液中的嗜酸性粒细胞与病程相关,表明这些细胞起着重要致病作用。OMA可通过与嗜酸性粒细胞膜上的IgE受体相互作用和/或减少IL-5、GM-CSF等嗜酸性粒细胞生长因子,诱导嗜酸性粒细胞凋亡,减少外周血和组织中嗜酸性粒细胞广泛存在而导致的组织损伤[25-27]

系统检索OMA治疗EGPA的原始研究  本文根据预先制定的纳排标准检索OMA治疗EGPA的原始研究。纳入标准:(1)研究对象为据美国风湿病协会于1990年制订的临床诊断标准[2]判定为EGPA的患者;(2)干预措施为给予OMA治疗;(3)研究类型为纳入病例报告、病例系列、队列研究和随机对照试验等原始研究;(4)结局指标不限定。排除标准:(1)非中、英文文献;(2)重复发表的文献,重复发表的文献的选取原则为只纳入发表时间最近的一篇;(3)会议摘要。计算机检索中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、中国知网(CNKI)、万方医药期刊数据库(WanFang Data)、维普(VIP)、PubMed、Cochrane系统评价数据库(The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,CDSR)、Web of Science、EMBASE等数据库,检索时限均为从建库至2021年3月。最终纳入12篇符合标准的原始研究文献(表 1),包括8篇病例报告和4篇队列研究,共报告57例EGPA患者,其中男性25例,女性32例,年龄10~82岁。

表 1 全球文献数据库检索出12篇OMA治疗EGPA的原始文献 Tab 1 A total of 12 original papers on omalizumab for EGPA from global databases
Authors Journal Study Case(n Sex(n Age(y) IgE Diagnosis of EGPA
Giavina-Bianchi P,2007[28] Int Arch Allergy Immunol Case report 1 Male 29 398 IU/mL (1)(2)(3)(6)
Pabst S,2008[29] Thorax Case report 2 Female 60 23 IU/L (1)(2)(3)(4)
65 930 IU/mL (1)(2)(3)(5)(6)
Wang XX,2020[30] Diet & Health Case report 1 Male 39 unreported (1)(2)(3)(4)
Caruso C,2017[31] Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol Case report 1 Male 52 647 kU/L (1)(2)(4)(5)(6)
Aguirre-Valencia D,2017[32] Clin Rheumatol Case report 1 Female 16 884 IU/mL (1)(2)(4)(6)
Graziani A,2014[33] Eur Ann AllErgy Clin Immunol Case report 1 Female 56 3365 IU/mL (1)(2)(3)(5)
Iglesias E,2014[34] Pediatr Pulmonol Case report 1 Femal 10 1492 kU/L (1)(2)(3)(5)(6)
Latorre M,2013[35] Clin Exp Rheumatol Case report 1 Male 38 246/μL (1)(2)(3)(5)
Detoraki A,2015[36] Asthma Cohort study 5 Male(3),
Female(2)
41-64 228-1 500 kU/L
Jachiet M,2016[37] Arthritis & Rheumatology Cohort study 17 Male(10),
Female(7)
17-82 28-7503 IU/mL
Sozener ZC,2018[38] World Allergy Organ J Cohort study 18 Male(2),
Female(16)
25-67 11.8-865 kU/L
Michael ME,2009[39] Chest Cohort study 8 Male(6),
Female(2)
43-81 Unreported
There are 6 criteria for the diagnosis of EGPA:(1)asthma;(2)peripheral blood eosinophils > 10%;(3)neuropathy;(4)paranasal sinus abnormalitie;(5)pulmonary opacities detected radiographically;(6)biopsy containing a blood vessel with extravascular eosinophilic accumulation.

OMA用于EGPA的临床获益(表 2

表 2 来自全球数据库的OMA用于EGPA的疗效和安全性 Tab 2 Efficacy and safety of omalizumab for EGPA from global databases
Authors Dose of OMA Period of OMA Reduction in serum IgE levels Reduction in peripheral blood eosinophils Improvement in asthma symptoms Improvement in lung function Reduction in the dose of corticosteroids EGPA recurrence after steroid reduction Adverse effect
Giavina-Bianchi P,2007[28] 300 mg,every 2 weeks 3 mo Unreported Yes Yes Yes Yes No Unreported
Pabst S,2008[29] 150 mg,every 2-4 weeks 18 mo No Yes Unreported Unreported Yes No Unreported
150 mg,every 2 weeks 18 mo Yes Yes Unreported Unreported Yes No Unreported
Wang XX,2020[30] 300 mg,every 2-8 weeks 4 mo Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Unreported
Caruso C,2017[31] 450 mg,every 2 weeks 1 y Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Unreported
Aguirre-Valencia D,2017[32] 150 mg,every 2 weeks 2 mo Unreported No Yes Unreported Yes No Unreported
Graziani A,2014[33] 150 mg,every 2 weeks 4 y Yes Yes Yes Unreported Yes No Unreported
Iglesias E,2014[34] 300 mg,every 2 weeks 9 mo Unreported Yes Yes Unreported Yes No Unreported
Latorre M,2013[35] 300 mg,every week 7 mo Unreported Yes Unreported Yes Yes No Unreported
Detoraki A,2015[36] 300-600 mg,every 2-4 weeks 36 mo Unreported Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
Jachiet M,2016[37] 150-600 mg,every 2-4 weeks 5 y Unreported Unreported Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Sozener ZC,2018[38] 150-600 mg,every 2-4 weeks 22 mo Unreported No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Michael ME,2009[39] Unreported Unreported Unreported Unreported Unreported Unreported Yes Yes Unreported

降低血清学指标  嗜酸性粒细胞水平是判断EGPA活动性的重要指标,也是临床疗效的评估指标。8篇研究文献显示OMA可以显著降低外周血嗜酸性粒细胞[28-31, 33-36]。我国第1例用OMA治疗EGPA的患者自用OMA以来,未使用其他口服及吸入药物,治疗后复查血常规示嗜酸性粒细胞计数明显下降[30]。Latorre等[35]报告的1例EGPA患者不仅有外周血中嗜酸性粒细胞值,还提供了随访期间的痰嗜酸性粒细胞数值,特别强调OMA不仅通过经典的抗IgE机制,而且可能通过直接抗嗜酸性细胞的机制来控制嗜酸性支气管炎,从而缓解喘息症状。患者罹患EGPA时,血IgE水平升高。4篇文献报告了总IgE水平[29-31, 33],但仅有1篇文献同时报告总IgE和特异性IgE水平[31]。Pabst等[29]报道了2例EGPA患者,其中1例在OMA治疗前血清总IgE水平为23 IU/mL,治疗后波动于28~181 IU/mL,明显高于治疗前的水平。总IgE由游离IgE和与抗IgE复合的IgE组成。OMA选择性与IgE结合,降低游离IgE水平,但抗IgE-IgE复合物可能因此导致总IgE增加,因此单纯测量总IgE并不适合评估OMA治疗EGPA的疗效。根据患者治疗前测定的血清总IgE水平和体重确定OMA的给药剂量和给药频率。在我国,OMA应用于哮喘,患者总IgE < 30 IU/mL或 > 1 500 IU/mL则超出OMA适用范围,原则上不建议使用OMA[13]。文献报告的2例EGPA患者初始血清总IgE水平分别为23 IU/mL和3 365 IU/mL,均超出OMA适用范围[29, 33],是否适用于OMA有待商榷。对于OMA用于EGPA患者的适应证和禁忌证有待进一步明确。

改善肺功能,缓解患者哮喘症状  研究表明OMA可有效改善EGPA患者的肺功能[28, 30-31, 35-38]。Caruso等[31]报道,患者治疗前FEV1为78%,OMA治疗1年后为95%。Jachiet等[37]报道,17例患者在经OMA治疗1年后,FEV1均值从基线时的63%增加到85%。9篇文献报告EGPA患者哮喘症状经OMA治疗后有所改善[28, 30-34, 36-38]。Giavina-Bianchi等[28]报道了1例EGPA患者,虽然使用了高剂量吸入皮质类固醇和长效β2激动剂以及数个疗程的类固醇脉冲疗法,但是哮喘仍未改善。给予患者每2周1次皮下注射300 mg OMA,持续3个月,在抗IgE给药后,患者的哮喘症状明显改善,继续随访1年无明显哮喘症状。对于糖皮质激素等标准治疗控制不佳的哮喘患者,OMA的疗效已经得到充分验证[10-14]:可显著改善哮喘症状、减少哮喘急性发作次数。OMA不仅可治疗EGPA,还可以预防严重的不受控制的哮喘发作[40]

减少激素的使用  长期应用激素可导致继发感染、脏器功能损害、白内障、生长迟缓、糖尿病、高血压及骨质疏松症等不良反应,而OMA可以减少EGPA患者的激素使用,从而降低不良反应的发生率。Michael等[39]报道的18例EGPA患者需口服激素,平均(15.77±7.6)mg/d,OMA治疗1年后,激素剂量明显减少,降至6.28 mg/d。Latorre等[35]报道的1例EGPA患者使用OMA治疗后完全停用口服皮质类固醇,这是传统免疫抑制药物无法达到的效果。因此,通过使用OMA可减少激素用量,从而减少其带来的不良反应,减少医疗资源消耗,但是否调整激素剂量应该根据患者EGPA控制情况而定。

OMA治疗EGPA存在的问题及不良反应(表 2  对于少数EGPA患者,OMA可以降低吸入性糖皮质激素或口服糖皮质激素,但不是立即减少或者停用,应根据病情调整,避免因激素骤减、骤停引起EGPA加重[10-14]。Jachiet等[37]报道,1例46岁女性治疗期间泼尼松从30 mg/d减少到5 mg/d,但OMA治疗开始后15个月,球后视神经炎等EGPA相关症状再现。因此,在OMA治疗中减少皮质类固醇剂量时应格外小心,注意定期监测。3篇文献报道了OMA应用时的安全性[36-38]:Detoraki等[36]报道在OMA治疗的36个月期间,未记录任何不良事件,疗效佳并且安全性好;Jachiet等[37]报道的OMA不良反应包括注射部位的红斑和瘙痒(n=1)、肌痛(n=1)和注射后一天乏力(n=1);Sozener等[38]报道的OMA不良反应包括胃化生(n=2)和肌痛(n=1)。总之,OMA常见不良反应的发生率较低(1%~10%),包括注射部位的不良反应和全身不良反应(如发热、头痛、关节痛)。过敏反应发生率为0.01%~0.1%,表现为低血压、晕厥和喉头水肿等,但不良反应多为轻中度,且持续时间短,可自行消失[10-14]

结语  综上所述,目前的临床研究数据支持OMA可使EGPA临床获益,包括改善临床症状,提高肺功能,并减少激素用量等。EGPA是一种以嗜酸性细胞增多和血管炎病变为主的多器官系统疾病,疾病包括前驱期、嗜酸性细胞增多期和血管炎期。临床可表现为以哮喘为主要表现的肺累及者;也有全身系统性发病者。在将来的研究中须仔细甄别EGPA的不同临床时期、临床亚型,总结适用于OMA的EGPA人群。鉴于以上信息来源于病例报告和小规模临床研究,将来还需更多大型多中心、随机、双盲、安慰剂对照研究来论证OMA治疗EGPA的有效性和安全性。

作者贡献声明  马圆  文献检索,综述构思和撰写,制表。崔博  文献检索,综述修订。陈智鸿  综述指导和审校。

利益冲突声明  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

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文章信息

马圆, 崔博, 陈智鸿
MA Yuan, CUI Bo, CHEN Zhi-hong
奥马珠单抗在嗜酸细胞性肉芽肿性多血管炎中应用的研究进展
Research progress on application of omalizumab in eosinophilia granulomatosis polyangiitis
复旦学报医学版, 2023, 50(1): 134-139.
Fudan University Journal of Medical Sciences, 2023, 50(1): 134-139.
Corresponding author
CHEN Zhi-hong, E-mail: chen.zhihong@zs-hospital.sh.cn.
基金项目
国家自然科学基金(81970023,81470211)
Foundation item
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81970023, 81470211)

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