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   复旦学报(医学版)  2023, Vol. 50 Issue (1): 94-100      DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2023.01.013
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不同麻醉方式对老年患者全膝关节置换术围术期镇痛管理的影响
顾佳慧1 , 韩晓丹1,2 , 钱韵佳1 , 张晓光1 , 孙敏莉1     
1. 复旦大学附属中山医院麻醉科 上海 200032;
2. 复旦大学张江研究院 上海 201203
摘要目的 观察两种麻醉方式对老年患者择期行首次全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)后疼痛及镇痛相关不良反应的影响。方法 收集2018年1月至2020年12月于复旦大学附属中山医院因膝关节骨性关节炎择期行TKA的老年患者(≥ 65岁)共计165例,其中单纯全麻76例(组1),全麻复合股神经阻滞89例(组2)。记录术中阿片类药物用量。两组患者术后均予以48 h静脉自控镇痛(patient-controlled intravenous analgesia,PCIA),术后第1天、第2天由专人随访相关情况,采用视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scale,VAS)评估疼痛程度(包括静息状态和运动状态),并记录镇痛相关不良反应(包括恶心呕吐、瘙痒、低血压、头晕、非正常停泵现象)。结果 组2术中阿片类药物用量低于组1(P=0.01)。组2患者术后第1天及第2天静息状态下疼痛评分高于组1(P=0.02,P=0.04),运动状态下疼痛评分无明显差异。术后第2天组2的头晕发生率低于组1(P=0.02),两组间其余不良反应(恶心、呕吐、瘙痒、低血压、停泵等)未见明显差异。结论 对于行TKA的老年患者,全麻复合股神经阻滞麻醉相较于单纯全麻更有优势。
关键词全膝关节置换术(TKA)    全麻    全麻复合股神经阻滞    术后急性疼痛    
Effect of different anesthesia methods on perioperative analgesia management in elderly patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty
GU Jia-hui1 , HAN Xiao-dan1,2 , QIAN Yun-jia1 , ZHANG Xiao-guang1 , SUN Min-li1     
1. Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
2. Fudan Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai 201203, China
Abstract: Objective To observe the effects of two anesthesia methods on acute postoperative pain and analgesia-related adverse reactions in elderly patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for the first time. Methods A total of 165 patients over 65 years old with knee osteoarthritis who received TKA in Zhongshan Hospital from Jan 2018 to Dec 2020 were enrolled. Group 1 (n=76) was treated with general anesthesia (GA), while group 2 (n=89) received GA combined with a femoral nerve block (FNB). Intraoperative opioid consumption was recorded. Patients in both groups were given patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) for 48 hours after surgery routinely. On the first and second days after surgery, the patients were followed up by special personnel. A visual analogue scale (VAS) was applied for evaluating the pain degree (including resting state and motor state). Analgesia-related adverse reactions (including nausea and vomiting, pruritus, hypotension, dizziness, and abnormal pump-stopping phenomenon) were recorded during follow-up. Results The intraoperative opioid dosage in group 2 was lower than that in group 1 (P=0.01). While the resting pain scores of group 2 were higher than those of group 1 on the first and second day after the operation (P=0.02;P=0.04), there was no significant difference in the exercise pain scores. Also, the incidence of dizziness on the second postoperative day in group 2 was lower than that in group 1 (P=0.02), and there was no significant difference in other adverse reactions (nausea, vomiting, pruritus, hypotension, pump stop, etc.) between the two groups. Conclusion In elderly patients undergoing TKA, general anesthesia combined with femoral nerve block is more advantageous than general anesthesia alone.
Key words: total knee arthroplasty (TKA)    general anesthesia    general anesthesia combined with femoral nerve block    acute postoperative pain    

全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)是终末期膝关节骨性关节炎最有效的治疗措施之一,在美国是最常见的住院手术之一[1]。据统计,2005年全美TKA手术总量已达70万例,年增长约7.9%,预计2030年TKA的需求将比2005年时增长673%,将高达348万例,而全膝关节置换翻修术的需求亦将同比增长601%[2]

随着人口老龄化,中国行TKA的病例数也急剧增加[3]。老年患者具有其特殊性,基础疾病多,对手术、应激等耐受性明显降低,手术风险较大。既往TKA多采用椎管内麻醉[4],操作相对简单,围术期心血管系统等并发症的发生率较低[5]。但由于老年患者脊椎骨质增生,椎间隙相对较窄,同时韧带出现钙化,脑脊液产生减少,因而穿刺部位判断及穿刺难度增加。此外,椎管内麻醉可显著扩张外周血管,患者围术期血流动力学水平明显波动、术后尿潴留及头痛等不良反应的发生率较高[6]。现阶段,全身麻醉是TKA患者更为推荐的麻醉方式[7],其优点是麻醉深度易控制,术中血流动力学更稳定,患者术中无意识、更配合等。但对老年患者而言,全麻药物的应用也存在术后苏醒延迟、呼吸抑制及恶心呕吐等风险。近年来,超声引导下神经阻滞在临床广泛应用[8],其优点是定位更为准确、操作更加便捷。神经阻滞效果良好可有效减少患者围术期全麻相关药物用量,降低围术期肺部并发症及死亡的发生率[9]。因此,中华医学会中国老年患者膝关节手术围术期麻醉管理指导意见(2020版)推荐TKA围术期镇痛应采用联合神经阻滞的多模式镇痛方法[10]。但也有研究指出[11],神经阻滞可能导致患者下肢感觉恢复延迟,推迟术后首次下床时间,且与术后跌倒风险升高相关。局部穿刺还可能出现局麻药中毒、局部血肿形成及不可逆的神经损伤等风险。此外,额外的有创操作可能增加感染的发生率。因此,对择期行TKA的老年患者而言,全麻复合区域神经阻滞是否更具优势仍有较大争议。本研究拟采用回顾性队列研究的方法比较两种麻醉方式对首次行单侧全膝关节置换的老年患者围术期疼痛及镇痛相关不良反应的影响,探究两种麻醉方法对老年TKA患者的效果差异。

资料和方法

研究对象及分组  本研究已通过复旦大学附属中山医院伦理委员会批准(编号:B2021-434)。通过调阅病史资料,收集2018年1月—2020年12月于复旦大学附属中山医院择期首次行单侧TKA的老年患者。入组标准:年龄≥65岁;首次单侧TKA,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ~Ⅲ级;无局部皮肤感染、无出血倾向,无穿刺禁忌证;病历及临床档案完整;行全身麻醉或全身麻醉复合股神经阻滞麻醉;术前KL(Kellgren-Lawrence)评分Ⅲ~Ⅳ级。排除标准:双侧TKA;既往膝关节手术史;非气囊止血带手术;术中手术切口采用鸡尾酒疗法;心、肝、肾功能不全;既往脑卒中存在后遗症;精神状态或认知功能异常,存在沟通障碍;局麻药过敏。

本研究根据既定标准纳入220例TKA患者,回顾详细病史后剔除55例,最终纳入165例(图 1)。按是否复合股神经阻滞将患者分为两组:组1为全身麻醉,76例;组2为全身麻醉复合股神经阻滞,89例。所有入组患者均补签知情同意书。

*Cocktail therapy: "Cocktail" refers to the use of a mixture of drugs (mainly local anesthetics ropivacaine/bupivacaine and corticosteroids, morphine and other drugs) in local infiltration anesthesia (LIA) technology, injected around the incision of knee surgery for postoperative analgesia. 图 1 病例筛选流程及结果 Fig 1 Process of sample screening and outcome

麻醉方法  手术当日,患者入室后留置外周静脉,予心电监护。组1:全身麻醉;组2:全身麻醉复合股神经阻滞。组2患者在麻醉诱导前,采用高频(7~13 MHz)线阵探头行超声引导下股神经阻滞,探头水平置于患肢腹股沟韧带下方2 cm处,平行于腹股沟韧带,清晰显示自内向外排列的股静脉、股动脉和股神经横断面影像,穿刺针穿至股神经周围注射0.375%罗哌卡因20 mL。两组患者均采用常规诱导方法,丙泊酚靶控输注(target controlled infusion,TCI)3~4 μg/mL、舒芬太尼0.3 μg/kg、罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg。术中均使用吸入麻醉药物七氟醚维持麻醉深度,酌情追加舒芬太尼(每次5~10 μg)和氢吗啡酮(每次0.2~1.0 mg)。两组术后均辅以静脉自控镇痛(patient-controlled intravenous analgesia,PCIA),镇痛泵配置方法如下:14 mg氢吗啡酮+0.6 mg雷莫司琼+生理盐水配成250 mL;或250 μg舒芬太尼+0.6 mg雷莫司琼+生理盐水配成250 mL;背景剂量1 mL/h,按压一次给药剂量3 mL,间隔时间8 min。所有患者的具体药物及参数方案可个体化调整。

患者基本信息收集  收集患者姓名、电话、年龄、性别、身高、体重、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、麻醉方法、手术方式、术中用药、术后镇痛方式、术后镇痛随访信息等。

阿片类药物用量评估  比较两组患者术中舒芬太尼和氢吗啡酮的用量。

术后急性疼痛评估  术后第1、2天由本院麻醉科疼痛管理小组(acute pain service,APS)专职成员随访,以电子表格方式记录患者术后急性疼痛程度、镇痛相关不良反应及镇痛泵使用情况。镇痛泵术后使用时间为48 h,由APS小组成员完成随访后统一回收。术后急性期疼痛评估采用视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scale,VAS),要求患者在长度为100 mm的横线上标记其疼痛程度(0~10分),分数越高表明疼痛越剧烈。0分为无疼痛,1~3分表示轻度疼痛,可以忍受;4~6分代表中度疼痛,影响睡眠;7~10分为剧烈疼痛,难以忍受。

术后镇痛相关不良反应的评估  我们关注的术后镇痛相关不良反应主要包括术后恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、术后低血压、头晕及非常规停用镇痛泵。术后低血压定义为患者血压下降超过术前基础血压的20%,或血压低于90/60 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa,下同)。恶心、呕吐及头晕的诊断主要依据患者的客观症状及主观感受。异常停泵是指在未到镇痛泵拔除时间,因不良反应或其他各种原因导致的暂停使用。

统计学分析  采用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计分析,检验标准α=0.05。各连续变量用x±s表示。分类变量及离散变量采用平均数(百分比)表示。两独立样本均数比较,变量若满足正态分布及方差齐性,采用两样本t检验;如果方差不齐,用两样本t’检验;否则用两样本的Wilcoxon秩和检验。两独立样本构成比比较,依据样本量及频数的不同,运用χ2检验或者校正卡方或者Fisher精确概率法。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果

患者基本情况  根据纳入和排除标准,本研究最终纳入165例首次行单侧TKA的老年患者,两组间年龄、性别、BMI、KL评分及手术时间等方面差异均无统计学意义(表 1)。

表 1 行TKA的老年患者基本信息 Tab 1 Baseline characteristics of elderly patients undergoing TKA   
[n (%) or x±s]
Characteristics Total Group 1 Group 2 P
Gender 1.00
    Male 40(24.2) 18(23.7) 22(24.7)
    Female 125(75.8) 58(76.3) 67(75.3)
Age(y) 72.9±5.1 72.5±5.1 73.2±5.1 0.34
BMI(kg/m2 25.9±3.4 25.7±2.9 26.0±3.8 0.52
KL score 0.42
    2 8(4.8) 3(3.9) 5(5.6)
    3 121(73.3) 53(69.7) 68(76.4)
    4 36(21.8) 20(26.3) 16(18.0)
Operation time(min) 98.2±21.1 98.8±20.7 97.7±21.6 0.73
Group 1:General anesthesia;Group 2:General anesthesia combined with femoral nerve block;BMI:Body mass index;KL Score:Kellgren-Lawrence Score;Operation time:The time from skin cutting to the suture of incision. Tab 2 and Tab 3 are the same.

两组患者术中阿片类药物的用量  组2患者术中氢吗啡酮用量显著低于组1[(0.5±0.6)mg vs.(0.7±0.6)mg,P=0.01]。而两组间舒芬太尼用量虽亦存在差异,但差异无统计学意义[(32.2±10.7)μg vs.(34.5±12.6)μg,P=0.37]。

两组患者术后急性疼痛的程度  组1患者术后第1天及第2天的静息状态下疼痛水平低于组2患者,差异有统计学意义(P=0.02,P=0.04)。而两组患者运动状态下疼痛评分未见明显差异(表 2)。

表 2 行TKA的老年患者术后第1天和第2天VAS评分和自控镇痛的比较 Tab 2 Comparison of VAS score and patient-controlled analgesia on postoperative day 1 and day 2 in elderly patients undergoing TKA [n (%) or x±s]
Index Group 1 Group 2 P
Day 1
    R 0.6±1.0 1.0±1.4 0.02
    A 3.2±1.4 3.2±1.6 0.73
    PCA 4.3±6.2 4.2±9.8 0.99
    PCAE 3.0±3.7 2.9±4.2 0.76
FAS 0.39
    A 72(94.7) 81(91.0)
    B 4(5.3) 8(9.0)
    C 0(0) 0(0)
Day 2
    R 0.2±0.5 0.5±1.0 0.04
    A 2.4±1.2 2.6±1.5 0.22
    PCA 8.0±8.3 11.8±19.6 0.13
    PCAE 5.8±5.4 7.8±10.3 0.20
FAS 1.00
    A 74(97.4) 86(96.6)
    B 2(2.6) 3(3.4)
    C 0(0) 0(0)
R:The VAS score in resting state;A:The VAS score in motoring state;PCA:The total times the patient pressed the automatic control button;PCAE:The effective times of patient-controlled analgesia due to the fixed interval time;FAS:Function activity score,and A,B and C represent unrestricted(functional activity is not limited),mild to moderate restriction(functional activity is limited,but can be completed)and severe restriction(functional activity is severely limited and cannot be completed).

两组患者术后镇痛相关的不良反应  组1患者术后第2天头晕发生率(15.8%)明显高于组2患者(4.5%),差异有统计学意义(P=0.02)。但两组间恶心呕吐、低血压、瘙痒及异常停泵等其他不良反应的发生率无显著差异。两组患者术后第1、2天共有39人暂停镇痛泵使用,其中组1有20人(26.3%),组2有19人(21.3%),差异无统计学意义(表 3)。

表 3 行TKA的老年患者术后第1天和第2天镇痛不良反应的比较 Tab 3 Comparison of adverse response related to analgesia on postoperative day 1 and day 2 in elderly patients undergoing TKA   
[n (%)]
Adverse Group 1 Group 2 P
Day 1
    Nausea and vomiting 16(21.1) 16(18) 0.76
    Pruritus 1(1.3) 0(0) 0.46
    Hypotension 6(7.9) 12(13.5) 0.32
    Dizziness 7(9.2) 10(11.2) 0.80
Day 2
    Nausea and vomiting 6(7.9) 6(6.7) 0.87
    Pruritus 1(1.3) 0(0) 0.46
    Hypotension 0(0) 5(5.6) 0.06
    Dizziness 12(15.8) 4(4.5) 0.02
Irregular analgesia pump stopping 0.44
    Day 1 8(10.5) 11(12.4)
    Day 2 12(15.8) 8(9.0)
讨论

TKA术后急性疼痛会使患者抗拒术后早期的康复锻炼,导致术后恢复延缓。长时间制动还可能促发下肢静脉血栓的形成,部分患者甚至会因为疼痛拒绝活动,致使术后膝关节发生粘连、僵直,最终出现关节变形,影响手术效果。因此,完善的术后镇痛在TKA恢复过程中尤为重要。

本研究旨在探究不同麻醉方式对首次行TKA的老年患者围术期疼痛的影响,研究发现与单纯全麻相比,全麻复合股神经阻滞麻醉可以有效减少术中阿片类药物用量,并降低术后头晕的发生率。

全身麻醉是目前TKA常用的麻醉方式[7]。随着超声技术在临床中广泛应用,超声引导下神经阻滞被广泛推荐用于膝关节手术的围术期疼痛管理[10, 12-13]。外周神经阻滞是将局麻药物注射至神经周围,阻止神经冲动传至中枢,提高外周神经感受电信号的阈值,进而达到缓解疼痛的目的。从解剖学角度而言,股神经主要支配膝关节前方及股四头肌的感觉。既往研究指出阻滞股神经支配区域的疼痛传导可有效减轻TKA手术应激,改善患者术后疼痛[14-18],并减少阿片类药物用量[19]。与本研究结果一致,在手术时长等其他因素相近的情况下,复合股神经阻滞的老年患者行TKA时,术中氢吗啡酮用量明显少于单纯全麻患者(P=0.01)。有研究指出神经阻滞可能导致神经损伤或神经麻痹等并发症[20]。本研究暂未观察到相关不良反应。

根据随访结果,复合股神经阻滞的患者术后短期静息状态下疼痛评分高于单纯全麻患者,而运动状态下未见明显差异。我们考虑前者可能与单次局麻药物区域阻滞后“反跳痛(rebound pain)”相关[21-22]。反跳痛定义为在周围神经阻滞完成后24 h内,疼痛从控制良好转变为剧烈疼痛的过程,在休息或运动时均可发生[23]。一项回顾性研究调查了972名在周围神经阻滞下行门诊外科手术的患者,结果显示反跳痛的发生率高达49.6%[24]。本研究中两组患者运动状态下疼痛评分差异不明显,可能原因是术后短期内患者仍处于相对制动状态或运动幅度较小;研究结果还指出两组患者VAS评分均不高,可能与老年患者疼痛耐受程度较高,以及采用了完善的围术期多模式镇痛管理有关。我们发现复合股神经阻滞的患者术后头晕的发生率明显降低(P=0.02),可能因为该组术中氢吗啡酮用量较小;其他镇痛相关不良反应,如恶心、呕吐、瘙痒、低血压、停泵等的发生率未见明显差异。相关结论仍需通过进一步大样本或前瞻性研究验证。

本研究的局限性在于:(1)研究对象为老年患者,结论不一定适用于青中年患者;(2)最终符合条件并纳入后续研究的样本数量较小,未能充分观察到镇痛药物相关不良反应的差异,亦未能观察到神经损伤或麻痹等相关并发症;(3)作为回顾性研究,无法保证围术期药物用法用量的完全一致,可能存在一定的偏差,但考虑到科室既定常规操作流程,其异质性可能不会对结果产生较大影响;(4)只研究了单次神经阻滞患者,未研究连续神经阻滞(continuous femoral nerve block,CFNB)的相关影响;(5)随访时间局限于术后早期,未能随访患者术后长期慢性痛情况;(6)只纳入股神经阻滞,未研究其他神经阻滞技术对患者围术期疼痛的影响。

综上所述,本研究证实,对首次行TKA的老年患者而言,全麻复合股神经阻滞比起单纯全麻更有优势,可为临床老年患者围术期镇痛管理提供一定参考,但未来仍需大样本前瞻性研究进一步探索。

作者贡献声明  顾佳慧  文献调研,可行性分析,数据整理和分析,制图,论文撰写和修订。韩晓丹,钱韵佳,张晓光  文献调研和整理,数据收集,制图,获取资助。孙敏莉  研究构思和设计,可行性分析,监督指导,获取资助,论文修订。

利益冲突声明  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

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文章信息

顾佳慧, 韩晓丹, 钱韵佳, 张晓光, 孙敏莉
GU Jia-hui, HAN Xiao-dan, QIAN Yun-jia, ZHANG Xiao-guang, SUN Min-li
不同麻醉方式对老年患者全膝关节置换术围术期镇痛管理的影响
Effect of different anesthesia methods on perioperative analgesia management in elderly patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty
复旦学报医学版, 2023, 50(1): 94-100.
Fudan University Journal of Medical Sciences, 2023, 50(1): 94-100.
Corresponding author
SUN Min-li, E-mail: sun.minli@zs-hospital.sh.cn.
基金项目
上海市卫健委卫生行业临床研究专项(202040177);上海市自然科学基金面上项目(20ZR1439800)
Foundation item
This work was supported by Clinical Research Program of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission (202040177) and the General Program of Shanghai Municipal Natural Science Foundation (20ZR1439800)

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