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   复旦学报(医学版)  2022, Vol. 49 Issue (5): 783-789      DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2022.05.022
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青少年前交叉韧带损伤特点及治疗选择的研究进展
陈礼阳1 , 易诚青1 , 刘丙立1,2     
1. 上海市浦东医院-复旦大学附属浦东医院骨科 上海 201399;
2. 上海市浦东新区人民医院骨科 上海 201299
摘要:青少年前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)损伤的发生率明显高于成年人,因其骨骺的闭合程度不同,治疗方案也有所不同。目前认为早期手术对于青少年ACL是积极有效的治疗方法,根据骨骺闭合情况有多种手术方式可选择,包括完全穿骺板技术、部分穿骺板技术(混合损伤)、全骨骺内技术和纯骺外技术。青少年ACL损伤应采用个体化治疗,选择一种对患者发育影响最小且有效的治疗方案。通过查阅国内外相关文献,本文总结分析了青少年ACL损伤的特点及治疗方法的选择。
关键词青少年    前交叉韧带(ACL)    手术    损伤    重建    骨骺闭合    
Research progress on characteristics and treatment choice of anterior cruciate ligament injury in adolescents
CHEN Li-yang1 , YI Cheng-qing1 , LIU Bing-li1,2     
1. Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital-Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China;
2. Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong New Area People’s Hospital, Shanghai 201299, China
Abstract: The rate of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures in children and adolescents is significantly higher than that in adults. Due to the unique anatomical characteristics of the knee joint of children and adolescents,the treatment is obviously different. Surgical treatment of anterior cruciate ligament injury in adolescents is a more active treatment option. There are a variety of surgical options according to epiphyseal closure,including total epiphyseal plate technique,partial epiphyseal plate technique (mixed technique),total epiphyseal plate technique and pure epiphyseal technique.The treatment of anterior cruciate ligament injury in adolescents should be individualized,and the treatment that has minimal impact on the patient's development and is effective should be selected. To review the literature of anterior cruciate ligament injury in adolescents,summarize and analyze the injury characteristics and treatment options.
Key words: adolescents    anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)    surgery    rupture    reconstruction    epiphyseal closure    

青少年运动损伤中前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)损伤占有较大比例。青少年ACL损伤的特点与成人不同,因其骨骺的闭合程度不同,治疗方案也有所不同。本文对近年来国内外青少年ACL损伤的基础、临床、影像学研究及相关综述进行总结,从流行病学、病因学、治疗选择、并发症、手术技巧及术式选择等方面对青少年ACL 损伤进行综述。

ACL损伤的流行病学数据  随着体育项目的发展和推广,青少年运动损伤越来越常见,其中ACL损伤占比较大。青少年ACL损伤的发生率明显高于成年人[1]。ACL损伤多为间接暴力所致,其中至少70%为非接触性损伤。ACL损伤在女性青少年足球运动员中常见,受伤风险比男性高2~3倍[2-3]。统计受伤年龄及性别发现,12~13岁女性和14~15岁男性的ACL损伤发生率明显增加[4]。高中女生发生ACL损伤的概率是男生的2.5~6.2倍[5-6],而高中及以下青少年的ACL损伤率低于大学生。在ACL重建术后的患者中,ACL再损伤的发生率明显增加,特别是ACL重建的运动员再损伤概率较普通人高15倍[7]

青少年ACL损伤的原因及特点  由于青少年胫骨近端骨骺尚未融合,结构比较松软,ACL与胫骨髁间棘软骨膜直接相连,当ACL受暴力损伤时可产生胫骨附着点的撕脱骨折,并伴有侧副韧带或半月板损伤[8]。青春期女性由于膝关节周围骨骼明显增长,而下肢肌肉力量及协调性并未与上半身体重同步增长,因此女性在生长高峰期ACL损伤的发生率比同期男性更高[9]。BMI也是影响ACL损伤的重要因素[10]。BMI大于平均标准体重的1个标准差时,ACL损伤的发生率增加3.2~3.5倍[11]。在8岁以上的女性足球运动员中,BMI是ACL损伤的易感因素[12]。多关节松弛症是ACL损伤的因素之一。膝关节前后松弛的人群中,ACL易感损伤的概率是正常人的3倍[13]。股四头肌及腘绳肌的力量会影响ACL损伤的发生。体内研究发现,当这些肌肉收缩时,膝关节的稳定性增加50%~75%,而力量减弱则会增加ACL损伤的概率[14]。女性优势腿ACL损伤的概率更高,可能是由于优势腿的使用频率更高[15]。髁间窝狭窄也被认为是ACL损伤的易感因素之一[16],但也有文献未得出这一结果[17]。距下关节过度内旋与ACL非接触性损伤有关,可能是由于距下关节过度内旋使胫骨相对股骨前移致使ACL损伤;骨盆的倾斜、胫骨平台后倾、股骨的前倾及增大的Q角等解剖因素均与ACL损伤相关[18-21]。遗传及激素水平也是值得考虑的因素[22-23]

治疗ACL损伤的选择  ACL损伤的青少年患者需要充分考虑其骨骼成熟度、生理年龄、ACL损伤程度等因素,采取个体化治疗。对于轻度ACL损伤可选择保守治疗,主要包括早期制动、肌肉加强练习及支具固定等对症治疗。研究显示,肌力练习结合支具固定可减小膝关节70%~85%的前向不稳,但支具固定会减缓腘绳肌的反应时间,也会影响膝关节伸直的最后5°[24]。非手术治疗常会出现明显的后遗症或并发症,可致部分患者不能正常参加运动。发生ACL损伤的青少年人群中超过50%存在半月板损伤[25-26]。延误手术治疗使不可修复的半月板及关节软骨损伤的发生率高达39%[27-30]。Grassi等[25]建议在3个月内进行手术治疗,以减少同时发生半月板损伤的风险,从而最大限度提高ACL修复机会。最新的Mate分析显示,儿童和青少年ACL重建推迟超过12周时半月板损伤的风险提高4.3倍,不可修复的半月板损伤风险增加3.2倍[31]。Anderson等[32]报道,手术推迟3个月则内、外侧半月板损伤的概率分别增加2.2和3.5倍。Lawrence等[33]报道,手术推迟3个月则内、外侧关节软骨损伤的概率分别增加5.6和11.3倍。

青少年ACL损伤后的重建率明显高于成人[34]。青少年的ACL重建更倾向于早期,而非延迟或非手术治疗,早期手术治疗可明显改善膝关节的稳定性,并具有更高的运动恢复率[35]。ACL重建术后青少年恢复运动的概率明显高于成年人[36]

ACL重建术的手术方式主要有完全穿骺板技术、部分穿骺板技术(混合技术)、全骨骺内技术和纯骺外技术[37-38]。完全穿骺板技术和成人的交叉韧带重建技术相似,主要区别在于适当减小骨隧道直径,尽量增大骨隧道与骺板的角度,肌腱固定物及骨块避开骺板平面,干骺端放置固定物[39]。李强强等[40]采用完全经骺板建立骨隧道对10例13~14岁青少年ACL进行重建,术后均未出现韧带再损伤且骺板未发生阻滞现象。由此认为,采用完全经骺板自体半腱肌、股薄肌肌腱重建ACL不影响青少年下肢骨骼发育,可获得基本满意的关节功能。术中应尽量减少对骺板的损伤,钻取骨隧道时注意转速以避免热损伤,为防止发生膝反张,应尽量避开胫骨结节位置,利用全肌腱作为移植物,固定时避开骺板结构,如采用悬吊技术及拴桩技术,应用此技术仅有少数患者出现下肢长度不等及力线成角的问题[41-42]。部分穿骺板技术:一般是保护股骨远端骨骺,穿过胫骨近端骨骺,其理论依据在于股骨远端骺板对下肢力线及长度影响更大;另外,股骨骨隧道一般更接近骺板周缘,而且胫骨近端骺板闭合要早于股骨远端骺板,此项技术的大数据结果报道尚不多见。赵俊旭等[43]利用部分经骺板技术对16例10~15岁青少年进行ACL重建,术后随访显示所有患者膝关节活动良好,未发生骺板阻滞现象。采用全骺内技术重建需在C臂机透视下进行操作建立骨隧道。首先,建立股骨骨隧道,透视下自外向内钻入导针,以确保导针在股骨骨骺远侧,出口位于Blumensaat线的后1/4,镜下用导向器瞄准使骨隧道口位于ACL足印中心,经导针采用倒打钻技术钻取股骨骨隧道,同样在透视下建立胫骨骨隧道,确保骨隧道位于胫骨近侧骺板,避免损伤骺板。这项技术最早被Anderson等[44]报道可用于初次重建或韧带翻修,术中钻取骨隧道时尽量减少骨骺骨组织的丢失,另一组12例接受手术的患者(平均13.3岁)随访4.1年后,未见下肢长度不等及成角畸形的出现。手术并发症主要是重建韧带的断裂[45],即使在透视监测下钻取骨隧道,胫骨近侧骨骺长度仅19~21 mm[46],骺板损伤的概率仍然较大(胫骨侧10/15,股骨侧1/23),短期随访未见生长的异常[45]。对于Tanner 1~2期、女孩<11岁、男孩<12岁的患者推荐使用纯骺外技术。该术式的特点是保留髂胫束远端的胫骨止点,取部分宽度的髂胫束远端纤维(一般取中间部分),使其长度足够绕过股骨外侧髁进入髁间窝,并从内侧半月板前角止点下方胫骨侧再次穿出膝关节。术中将分离的髂胫束纤维向内上越过股骨外上髁,经过髁间窝顶点进入膝关节内的髁间窝,将髂胫束纤维与股骨外上髁处的骨膜缝合在一起,进入关节内髁间窝中的髂胫束向下、向前走行,穿过内侧半月板前角止点的韧带样结构(实际为内侧半月板前角在胫骨前内缘上的韧带样止点)下方。将穿出膝关节髂胫束末端部分缝合固定于该处的胫骨前内侧骨膜上,随访9.8年,61.9%的患者(52/84)Lysholm评分很高,但54%的患者相比受伤前运动能力有所下降[47]。动物实验研究表明,尽管将韧带固定在了干骺端,但是随着时间进展,韧带止点会逐渐转移到一个新的非解剖位置[48]。Bigoni等[49]报道可用锚钉缝合技术修复断裂的ACL,但指征比较局限,包括MRI和临床检查证实为ACL近端损伤;Tanner 1~2期;关节镜术中证实韧带组织治疗较好,仅近端断裂。术中在上止点位置植入锚钉,将损伤的ACL近端缝合并再固定于上止点位置,5例患者接受手术,平均年龄9.2岁,平均随访时间43.4个月,均取得良好的效果。

青少年ACL损伤的手术治疗可根据Tanner分期(表1)选择不同术式[50-51]。Tanner 1~2期(相当于女孩<11岁和男孩<12岁)通常推荐用自体髂胫束进行关节内、外保护骺板的重建。Tanner 3~4期(相当于女孩12~14岁和男孩13~16岁)选择用自体腘绳肌腱穿骺板技术重建,但主要直径不能太大(7~8 mm),骨隧道尽量靠近骺板中间并垂直于骺板,而且干骺端固定注意避开骺板。Tanner 5期(男>16岁和女>14岁)则可以用和成人一样的解剖重建方法。

表 1 青少年发育成熟度的Tanner分期 Tab 1 Tanner stages of adolescent developmental maturity
Adolescent Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5
Boys
  Growth [50] 5-6 cm/y 5-6 cm/y 7-8 cm/y 10 cm/y None
  Testis and
penis [50]
Testis volume<4 mL or length<2.5 cm Testis volume<4 mL or length of 2.5-3.5 cm Testis volume<12 mL or length<3.6 cm;
penis has occurred growth
Testis length of 4.1-4.5 cm;
further enlarged in length and breadth
Genitalia adult in size and shape
  Pubes [51] No pubic hair Sparse growth at the base of the penis Considerably darker,coarser,and more curled Hair is now adult in type,but the area covered smaller than in most adults Adult in quantity and type
Girls
  Growth [50] 5-6 cm/y 7-8 cm/y 8 cm/y 7 cm/y None
  Breast [51] Elevation of papilla only Elevation of breast as a small mound Further enlargement of breast and areola Mastoid process appears on the areola Mature stage
  Pubes [51] No pubic hair Sparse growth appearing chiefly
along the labia
Considerably darker,coarser,and more curled Hair is now adult in type,but the area covered smaller than in most adults Adult in quantity and type

手术治疗的常见并发症及再断裂率  青少年ACL重建术后韧带发生过度松弛,参与高水平运动会有一定的挑战。ACL重建失败在青少年患者中是一个重要问题[52-53]。青少年ACL重建与成人ACL重建的区别主要是骺板尚未闭合和骨骼未发育成熟,术中可能会损伤或刺激骺板,进而影响生长导致后期的发育异常,最常见的有下肢不等长及下肢力线异常[54]。其中下肢不等长包括下肢过度增长和生长阻滞,无论是保骺板技术治疗还是穿骺板技术治疗,都可能导致下肢增长,分析原因主要为:(1) 钻取骨隧道时对生长板周缘骨膜的刺激;(2) 骨隧道临近骺板受刺激,致使骺板部血运增加,骺板增长过度;(3)骨隧道直接穿过骺板同样可刺激骺板血运增加而加速其增长。Collins等[55]查阅21篇文献共313例患者,其中29例发生下肢不等长,18例为下肢增长,平均增长13 mm,50%下肢增长患者接受的是保骺板治疗(9例保骺板,8例穿骺板,1例技术不明确),而11例下肢缩短的患者接受的都是穿骺板技术治疗(其中7例为同时穿股骨骺板及胫骨骺板)。下肢缩短的主要原因为骨块或移植物阻滞了生长板发育。固定肌腱装置的位置也与下肢不等长的发生有关。研究报道,靠近关节线位置固定不等长发生率为3.2%(2/62),远离关节线固定不等长的发生率为1.4%(8/591)[56]

成角畸形是ACL重建术后的另一个重要问题。Collins等[55]报道在313例患者中共发生成角畸形16例,其中外翻13例(平均6.5°),内翻3例(平均8°)。不同术式均有发生成角畸形的概率,发生成角畸形的16例患者中有包括8例股骨穿骺技术(50%)、3例髂胫束保骺技术(19%)、3例关节外技术(19%)和2例全骺内技术(13%)[55]。同时还有膝反张的出现,分析原因主要为:(1)胫骨骨隧道位置过于靠近胫骨结节,骨隧道穿过骺板的前部位置;(2)临近骺板切线位钻取骨隧道时的转速过快,导致骺板热损伤;(3)保骺板技术时移植物的远端固定装置放置在骺板位置,导致骺板前部阻滞。

ACL重建后再损伤也是一个值得考虑的因素,目前ACL重建术后总体再损伤率为15%,其中同侧为7%,对侧为8%[36,57-59]。年龄<25岁的患者ACL重建术后再损伤率为21%,重返运动场的运动员再损伤率为20%,而<25岁的运动员再损伤率为23%[60]。多种因素可影响再断裂率,保留骺板技术和穿骺技术再断裂率分别为1.4%(2/139)和4.2%(26/621)[56]。靠近关节线固定和远离关节线固定的再断裂率分别为4.8%和4.2%,两者无明显差异。

重建ACL技术要点  骨隧道是影响骺板生长的重要因素,通常损伤超过骺板的7%就会影响其生长[61]。骨隧道的位置、角度、直径及填充物等均可影响骺板生长。常规ACL重建技术必然累及骺板组织,以骨隧道直径8 mm为例,股骨远端骺板受累3.95%,胫骨近端骺板受累3.65%;骨隧道与股骨远端与胫骨近端冠状面成角分别为56.1°和71.6°;骨隧道与股骨远端与胫骨近端矢状面成角分别为85.9°和74.9°;股骨骨隧道比胫骨骨隧道更靠周缘[62]。在手术时应考虑:(1)骨隧道位置:骺板周缘损伤比中心损伤更易导致生长障碍,相比胫骨骨隧道,股骨骨隧道更靠近骺板周缘,所以穿骺板技术一般都是保护股骨远端骺板而穿胫骨近端骺板。(2)骨隧道角度:相比于垂直骨隧道,水平骨隧道更易损伤生长板,骨隧道角度增加(45°~70°)会使骺板损伤减小(4.1%~3.1%)[63],骨隧道角度每增加5°,骺板损伤减小0.2%[64]。前内侧(anteromedial,AM)入路损伤骺板较经胫骨(transtibial,TT)入路更多。AM入路更可能损伤骺板超过7%而影响生长。AM入路损伤的骺板位于更外侧[65]。(3)骨隧道直径:骺板损伤超过7%会导致股骨生长障碍,骨隧道直径增加6~11 mm,骺板损伤从2.3%增加到7.8%[58]。骨隧道直径每增加1 mm,生长板损伤增加1.1%[66]。(4)骨隧道填充物:骺板部位应被肌腱填充以防止骨桥形成,腘绳肌肌腱移植后发生下肢长度不等和力线异常的概率比骨腱骨小45%。尽可能彻底冲洗骨渣,骨隧道填满肌腱,干预钉及骨性组织不置入骨隧道骺板位置,钻取更小、更垂直的骨隧道,骨隧道位于10:30或1:30方向,骨隧道尽量靠近骺板中心[39]

结语  手术治疗已成为青少年ACL损伤的主要治疗方法。由于青少年的生理特点和膝关节解剖的特殊性,手术治疗有医源性骨骺损伤的风险。针对不同年龄段青少年的ACL损伤可选择不同的手术方式,但每种术式的最佳适应证、有效性及安全性尚无一致的结论。ACL重建术后青少年患者膝关节功能恢复效果良好,但术后仍有可能出现韧带再次断裂、韧带松弛及关节成角畸形等并发症。需要更多前瞻性研究来确定和细化与手术相关并发症的危险因素。

作者贡献声明  陈礼阳  论文构思和撰写,制表,文献查阅。易诚青  论文修订。刘丙立  论文修订,文献查阅。

利益冲突声明  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

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文章信息

陈礼阳, 易诚青, 刘丙立
CHEN Li-yang, YI Cheng-qing, LIU Bing-li
青少年前交叉韧带损伤特点及治疗选择的研究进展
Research progress on characteristics and treatment choice of anterior cruciate ligament injury in adolescents
复旦学报医学版, 2022, 49(5): 783-789.
Fudan University Journal of Medical Sciences, 2022, 49(5): 783-789.
Corresponding author
LIU Bing-li, E-mail:gukelbl@163.com.
基金项目
上海市浦东新区卫健委临床高原学科项目(PWYgy2021-04)
Foundation item
This work was supported by the Outstanding Clinical Discipline Project of Pudong New Area Health Committee of Shanghai (PWYgy2021-04)

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