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   复旦学报(医学版)  2022, Vol. 49 Issue (3): 411-417      DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2022.03.014
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以间质性肺疾病为主要表现的抗MDA5抗体相关皮肌炎8例临床分析
李海燕1,2 , 孟颖颖3 , 张俊4 , 唐薪竣1 , 胡莉娟1     
1. 复旦大学附属中山医院呼吸与危重症医学科 上海 200032;
2. 青岛市即墨区人民医院呼吸与危重症医学科 青岛 266200;
3. 复旦大学附属儿科医院消化科 上海 201102;
4. 上海中医药大学附属龙华医院肺病科 上海 200032
摘要目的 通过对以间质性肺疾病(interstitial lung disease,ILD)为主要表现的抗黑色素瘤分化相关基因5(melanoma differentiation associated gene 5,MDA5)抗体相关皮肌炎(dermatomyositis,DM)的临床特征和诊治经过进行分析,加深对该病的认识,提高对该病的诊治能力。方法 回顾性分析2019年1月至2020年12月由复旦大学附属中山医院呼吸与危重症医学科诊治的以ILD为主要表现且抗MDA5抗体阳性的DM患者,收集患者的一般临床资料、实验室及影像学检查、诊疗经过,分析其临床特点、诊治及转归。结果 共纳入8例患者,男2例,女6例,中位年龄54.5岁,其中5例符合无肌病性皮肌炎(amyopathic dermatomyositis,ADM)的诊断标准。主要表现为皮疹(8例)、咳嗽(8例)、胸闷气促(8例)、乏力(6例)、进行性呼吸困难(4例)、发热(3例)、肌肉疼痛(3例)、肌力减退(3例)。动脉血气分析示6例有低氧血症。肺功能主要表现为限制性通气功能障碍伴弥散功能障碍。2例行肌电图检查,其中1例呈肌源性损害。胸部CT主要表现为斑片影、实变影、网线影或磨玻璃影。入院后给予甲泼尼龙静滴,联合丙种球蛋白、免疫抑制剂等综合治疗。5例患者存活,3例死亡。结论 以ILD为主要表现的抗MDA5抗体相关DM患者通常进展快,预后不良。在疾病早期联合使用糖皮质激素、丙种球蛋白及各种免疫抑制剂有助于取得更好的疗效。
关键词间质性肺疾病(ILD)    抗MDA-5抗体    皮肌炎(DM)    
Anti-MDA5 antibody-positive dermatomyositis with interstitial lung disease as the primary manifestation: clinical analysis of 8 cases
LI Hai-yan1,2 , MENG Ying-ying3 , ZHANG Jun4 , TANG Xin-jun1 , HU Li-juan1     
1. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
2. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qingdao Jimo People's Hospital, Qingdao 266200, Shandong Province, China;
3. Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China;
4. Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the clinical features of inpatients diagnosed with anti-melanoma differentiation associated gene 5 (MDA5) antibody-positive dermatomyositis (DM) with interstitial lung disease (ILD) as the primary manifestation. Methods Medical records of inpatients diagnosed with anti-MDA5 antibody positive DM with ILD as the primary manifestation in the Department of Respiratory and critical care medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University from Jan 2019 to Dec 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic data, laboratory tests, pulmonary function tests, electromyogram, echocardiogram, thoracic imaging, and treatment protocol were collected. Results Eight patients with anti-MDA5 antibody positive DM with ILD as the primary manifestation, 5 of whom were diagnosed as amyopathic dermatomyositis (ADM), were included in the final analysis. Two were male and 6 were female, with a median age of 54.5 years. The main symptoms were skin rash (8 cases), cough (8 cases), chest tightness (8 cases), fatigue (6 cases), progressive dyspnea (4 cases), fever (3 cases), muscle pain (3 cases), and muscle weakness (3 cases). Hypoxemia was observed in 6 cases. Pulmonary function test demonstrated restrictive ventilation and diffusion dysfunction. Two cases underwent electromyography examination, 1 of whom showed myogenic damage. Patchy shadow, consolidation, reticulation and ground-glass shadow were the main manifestations in thoracic imaging. All patients received intravenously methylprednisolone combined with intravenous immunoglobulin, and immunosuppressant after admission.Finally 5 patients survived and 3 died. Conclusion Patients with anti-MDA5 antibody-positive DM with ILD as the primary manifestation usually have a rapid progress and a poor prognosis.The combination of glucocorticoids, intravenous immunoglobulin and various immunosuppressants in the early stage might be associated with an improved prognosis.
Key words: interstitial lung disease (ILD)    anti-MDA-5 antibody    dermatomyositis (DM)    

皮肌炎(dermatomyositis,DM)是以不同程度的皮肤表现及对称性四肢近端肌无力为特征的自身免疫性疾病。当DM合并间质性肺疾病(interstitial lung disease,ILD)时,常提示预后不良,死亡率明显增加。抗黑色素瘤分化相关基因5(melanoma differentiation associated gene 5,MDA5)抗体属于肌炎特异性抗体的一种,主要在DM患者中发现,与ILD尤其是急进性间质性肺疾病(rapidly progressive ILD,RP-ILD)高度相关[1]。RP-ILD是DM最严重的并发症[2],其病程进展迅速,死亡率高。然而,目前有关抗MDA5抗体相关DM的研究数量少,且关于该病的诊治方法尚无指南和共识可循。为进一步提高对以ILD为主要表现的抗MDA5抗体相关DM的认识,本研究通过回顾性分析2019年1月至2020年12月在复旦大学附属中山医院呼吸与危重症医学科诊治的以ILD为主要表现的抗MDA5抗体相关DM患者的临床资料,并结合相关文献分析其临床特点、诊治及转归,旨在总结该类患者的临床特征和疗效,提高临床诊治的水平。

资料和方法

研究对象  纳入标准:(1)2019年1月至2020年12月由复旦大学附属中山医院呼吸与危重症医学科诊治的患者; (2)符合2017年欧洲抗风湿病联盟(European League Against Rheumatism,EULAR)/美国风湿病学会(American College of Rheumatology,ACR)关于成人和幼年型炎性肌病及其主要亚型分类标准[3],积分概率≥55%;(3)抗MDA5抗体阳性; (4)符合ILD的影像学表现。排除标准:(1)由感染、肿瘤、药物、生化等其他因素引起的ILD; (2)合并其他结缔组织病。

方法  本研究回顾性收集患者在我院诊断为抗MDA5抗体相关DM首次住院期间的下列临床资料:人口学特征(性别、年龄),病史(症状、体征),实验室检查(血常规、肝功能、乳酸脱氢酶LDH、肌酸激酶CK、抗MDA5抗体、抗Ro-52抗体等),肌电图,肺功能检查,支气管镜检查,影像学检查,病原学检查,治疗方案,并于2021年3月电话随访生存情况。

结果

一般情况及病史  从2019年1月至2020年12月,共有8例患者符合纳入标准,2例男性,6例女性。确诊年龄范围为27~64岁,中位年龄54.5岁。从起病到诊断的中位时间为2个月。起病时最常见的临床症状为皮疹(8例)、咳嗽(8例)、胸闷气促(8例),其次为乏力(6例)、进行性呼吸困难(4例)、发热(3例)、肌肉疼痛(3例)、肌力减退(肌力 < 5级,3例)。根据2017年EULAR/ACR分类标准及亚型分类决策树[3],有3例符合DM的分类标准,有5例符合无肌病性皮肌炎(amyopathic dermatomyositis,ADM)的分类标准。

实验室检查  入院血常规示:白细胞计数为(4.01~13.24)×109 /L,白细胞升高(> 10×109 /L)1例; 抗MDA5 IgG抗体均阳性(+:3例; ++:2例; +++:3例); 动脉血气分析提示6例存在低氧血症; 3例CK升高,5例肝转移酶(ALT、AST)升高; 6例LDH增高; 6例患者合并抗Ro-52抗体IgG阳性(+:3例; ++:2例; +++:1例); 8例患者的呼吸道九联、G实验、HIV、巨细胞病毒DNA、EB病毒DNA、结核T-SPOT检测等病原学检查阴性(表 1)。

表 1 以ILD为主要表现的抗MDA5抗体相关DM患者的人口学资料和实验室检查结果 Tab 1 Demographic features and laboratory findings of patients with anti-MDA5 antibody-positive DM with ILD as the primary manifestation
Case number Gender Age (y) WBC
(×109/L)
Anti-MDA-5 IgG Anti-Ro-52 IgG ALT/AST(U/L) CK
(U/L)
PaO2 (mmHg) LDH
(U/L)
1 Female 63 4.52 ++ +++ 384/387 329 69 (Without oxygen therapy) 331
2 Female 53 13.24 + + 60/60 35 97 (HFNC,80%,50 L/min) 484
3 Male 56 5.75 +++ ++ 78/42 54 143 (3 L/min) 300
4 Female 60 4.75 + - 27/34 119 64 (2 L/min) 387
5 Male 64 8.32 +++ ++ 22/16 18 80 (3 L/min) 285
6 Female 27 5.54 ++ - 21/23 27 72 (Without oxygen therapy) 176
7 Female 52 6.46 +++ + 36/76 46 56 (Without oxygen therapy) 217
8 Female 30 4.01 + + 153/407 1 047 93 (Without oxygen therapy) 481
WBC:White blood cell; MDA:Melanoma differentiation associated gene; ALT:Alanine aminotransferase; AST:Aspartate aminotransferase; CK:Creatine kinase; LDH:Lactate dehydrogenase; PaO2:Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood; HFNC:High-flow nasal cannula.

体格检查  8例患者均有程度不一的皮肤损害,双手掌指、指间关节伸侧面及双侧肘关节伸侧Gottron征最多见(8例),其次为向阳疹(3例)、皮肤或指端破溃(3例)、V字征(1例)。3例有近端伸侧肌肉压痛,2例肌力减退。5例肺部听诊可闻及细湿啰音。手部典型皮损见图 1

图 1 以ILD为主要表现的抗MDA5抗体相关DM患者指间关节的Gottron征 Fig 1 Gottron´s sign of intraphalangeal joints in patients with anti-MDA5 antibody-positive DM with ILD as the primary manifestation

肺通气及弥散功能检查  3例患者不能耐受无法完成,其余的5例主要表现为程度不等的限制性通气功能障碍及弥散功能障碍,FEV1pred%为64.78%~81.73%,中位FEV1pred%为72.38%,TLCpred%为61.93%~74.03%,中位TLCpred%为68.18%,KCOpred%的范围为70.79%~80.53%,中位KCOpred%为75.14%,肺功能的详细数据见表 2

表 2 以ILD为主要表现的抗MDA5抗体相关DM患者的肺功能结果 Tab 2 Pulmonary function test of patients with anti-MDA5 antibody-positive DM with ILD as the primary manifestation
Case Number FEV1pred% FVCpred% FEV1/FVC (%) DLCOpred% KCOpred% TLCpred% RVpred% FRCpred%
1 72.38 73.05 78.08 65.05 75.14 73.21 92.83 68.01
3 72.79 61.45 97.22 50.06 70.79 66.27 84.84 68.28
6 81.73 79.17 88.66 59.44 80.53 74.03 77.25 71.49
7 65.49 60.91 88.42 60.36 78.50 68.18 84.66 83.50
8 64.78 61.22 89.71 44.78 71.14 61.93 70.55 63.80
FEV1:Forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC:Forced vital capacity; DLCO:Diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide of lung; KCO:Diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide per liter of alveolar volume; TLC:Total lung capacity; RV:Residual volume; FRC:Functional residual capacity; pred%:Percentage of predicted.Case 2,4 and 5 were not suitable for pulmonary function test.

肌电图  2例患者行肌电图检查,其中1例为活动性肌源性损害肌电改变,1例正常。

超声心动图  8例患者中7例行心脏超声检查,其中2例患者异常:1例轻度二尖瓣返流,1例左房增大、升主动脉增宽。

病理检查  3例患者行支气管镜检查,病理提示为黏膜急性或慢性炎症表现,灌洗液送检未见异常; 1例行CT引导下肺穿刺活检,病理示送检肺泡组织、支气管黏膜下可见少量浆细胞,肺泡间隔及血管周围可见淋巴细胞、浆细胞增生,小灶纤维母细胞增生,肺泡上皮未见明显增生,为炎症性病变。

影像学检查  胸部CT示双肺以斑片状、实变、网线或磨玻璃样影为主,部分有蜂窝状影,多以胸膜下区为著。8例患者诊断ILD时的影像学表现中,斑片、实变影最多见(4例),其次为网线影(2例)、磨玻璃影(1例)、蜂窝影伴牵拉性支气管扩张(1例)。图 2为部分患者胸部CT检查结果。

A: Honeycombing and traction bronchiectasis (case 5); B: Reticulation and strip shadow (case 3 and 7); C: Patchy shadow and consolidation (case 1, 2, 6, and 8); D: Subpleural ground-glass shadow (case 4). 图 2 以ILD为主要表现的抗MDA5抗体相关DM患者的影像学表现 Fig 2 Radiologic findings of patients with anti-MDA5 antibody-positive DM with ILD as the primary manifestation

治疗和转归  8例患者确诊后均立即给予糖皮质激素静脉治疗,甲泼尼龙剂量为40~240 mg/d,好转后逐渐减量,后序贯口服治疗; 2例患者用了环磷酰胺治疗,剂量0.4~0.6 g,每2周1次,累计剂量6~8 g; 8例患者均使用了静脉丙种球蛋白治疗,剂量20 g/d,连续应用2~5天; 4例患者口服环孢素治疗,剂量100~200 mg/d(2~5 mg·kg-1·d-1),5例患者口服羟氯喹治疗,剂量200~400 mg/d; 2例患者口服尼达尼布治疗,剂量300 mg/d; 2例患者口服吡啡尼酮治疗,剂量900~1 200 mg/d; 6例患者口服托法替布治疗,剂量10 mg/d。由于患者存在低氧血症,入院第一天即根据血气分析结果给予相应的氧疗措施,随着病情变化,2例患者后期病情加重入住重症监护室并行气管插管予有创机械通气。8例患者有3例死亡,死亡患者生存时间为51、51、92天,其余5例患者存活,存活患者生存时间最长632天,最短339天(表 3)。

表 3 以ILD为主要表现的抗MDA5抗体相关DM患者的治疗方案与转归 Tab 3 Treatment protocol and prognosis of patients with anti-MDA5 antibody-positive DM with ILD as the primary manifestation
Case number Methylprednisolone (daily maximum dose,mg/d) Days of intravenous immunoglobulin using (20 g/d) Cyclophosphamide Hydroxychloroquine(mg/d) Cyclosporin(mg/d) Tofacitinib(mg/d) Pirfenidone(mg/d) Nintedanib(mg/d) Vital status Survaval time (d)
1 80 3 - - 200 10 - - Dead 51
2 160 2 - 200 100 10 - - Dead 92
3 80 3 0.6 g,q2w 200 - 10 - 300 Alive 339
4 120 3 0.4 g 400 - 10 900 - Dead 51
5 240 5 - - 200 - - 300 Alive 490
6 80 5 - 200 - 10 - - Alive 632
7 80 5 - 200 - 10 - - Alive 423
8 40 5 - - 150 - 1 200 - Alive 427
讨论

与DM典型的临床表现不同,抗MDA5抗体相关DM通常表现为临床无肌病性皮肌炎(clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis,CADM)[4],在DM患者中,抗MDA5抗体的阳性率占10%~30%[5]。ILD是抗MDA5抗体相关DM的常见并发症,对患者的预后具有决定性影响,其中预后最差的是RP-ILD,表现为1个月内出现进行性呼吸困难和低氧血症。亚洲患者抗MDA5抗体阳性率最高,且与RP-ILD的相关性更强,病死率也最高[6]

在2017年EULAR/ACR制定的评分系统中,有3项皮肤改变被纳入了DM分类标准中的评分系统,分别是向阳疹(眼睑或眼眶周围分布的紫色、淡紫色或红斑疹,常伴有眶周水肿)、Gottron疹(关节伸侧的红色到紫红色丘疹,常伴有鳞屑,可以存在于手指关节、肘、膝、踝、脚趾关节)和Gottron征(关节伸侧的红色到紫红色丘疹,是非可触性的)[7]。本研究中8例患者均有程度不一的皮损,其中Gottron征最为明显。由于抗MDA5抗体相关DM患者多表现为CADM,因此对皮肤改变的识别在该病的诊断中非常重要。

肌炎抗体谱是DM非常重要的诊断和预后标志物。研究表明,抗MDA5抗体相关DM在亚裔女性中多见,本组病例男女比例为1∶3。亚裔抗MDA5抗体相关DM成年患者的ILD发生率高达90%~95%[8],血清抗MDA5抗体滴度被认为与疾病活动性显著相关,且可作为评估疗效的指标[9],高滴度的血清抗MDA5抗体与急性期死亡相关[10]。监测抗MDA5抗体水平可能是监测疾病进展及复发的有效标志物,可以预测ILD发生、评估疗效、判断预后、监测复发[11-13]。本组患者采用免疫印迹法,根据抗原带着色强弱判断结果:阴性(-)、弱阳性(+)、阳性(++)、强阳性(+++),在疾病初期确诊时,8例患者中弱阳性3例,阳性2例,强阳性3例。随着实验室技术和检测手段的发展,出现了使用重组MDA5抗原的酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)方法。ELISA法检测抗MDA5抗体缩短了检测时间,且能提供定量的滴度测量,对改善疾病的预后具有重要意义[14]。研究发现,抗SS-A/Ro-52抗体作为肌炎相关性抗体与抗MDA5抗体共同出现的频率较高[15]。在青少年肌炎的研究中,抗Ro-52抗体与抗MDA5抗体密切相关,具有抗Ro-52抗体的患者更易患ILD,预后更差[16]。抗Ro-52、抗MDA5抗体双阳性的DM患者较单纯抗MDA5抗体阳性的患者预后更差,死亡率更高[17-18]。本研究8例抗MDA5抗体阳性患者中,6例抗Ro-52抗体阳性,与既往研究相符,但死亡的3例患者中,2例抗Ro-52抗体阳性,存活的5例患者中,4例抗Ro-52抗体阳性,难以证实抗MDA5抗体/抗Ro-52抗体双阳性比抗MDA5抗体单独阳性死亡风险更大。

糖皮质激素是DM相关ILD的一线治疗药物,但关于其使用剂量、疗程及减量方案尚无共识[19-20]。本组8例患者确诊后均使用甲泼尼龙静脉治疗,剂量为40~240 mg/d,好转后逐渐减量,后序贯口服治疗。早期应用免疫抑制剂有利于改善患者的预后,而且使用不同作用机制的免疫抑制剂,可减少糖皮质激素使用的时长和剂量,进而减少不良事件的发生[21]。本组8例患者初始治疗均静脉注射了丙种球蛋白20 g/d,连用2~5天,后续治疗过程中,也规律静脉注射丙种球蛋白。近年来发现,对于快速进展及危重的DM患者,静注丙种球蛋白也有良好的疗效。其潜在的作用机制包括抑制Fc受体上调,置换保护性受体位点减少内源性免疫球蛋白的半衰期,中和自身抗体,抑制补体激活等[22]。6例患者口服了Janus激酶(Janus-activated kinase,JAK)抑制剂——托法替布进行治疗,剂量为10 mg/d。研究发现,托法替布可显著改善抗MDA5抗体相关的早期阶段的ADM-ILD患者的生存,它主要抑制JAK1和JAK3,对JAK2有轻微抑制作用,对于与抗MDA5抗体相关DM肺部病变相关IL-6作用显著[23],托法替布组的6个月累积生存率明显高于基线条件匹配的历史对照组[24]。药物干预的最佳时机在治疗效果中也起着至关重要的作用,应尽早开始治疗,尤其在不可逆肺部病变开始前给予及时的治疗。由于患者后期多会出现肺部纤维化改变,可考虑加用吡非尼酮或尼达尼布抗纤维化治疗,延缓肺功能的下降[25]。8例患者中死亡3例,诊断至死亡的平均时间为64.7天。存活患者5例,值得注意的是,截至末次随访,这5例患者的平均生存时间达462.2天,长于既往文献的报道[26-28]。可能的原因是在本组患者的诊治过程中,并未拘泥于既往文献报道的以大剂量糖皮质激素为主、按需加用免疫抑制剂的治疗策略[29],而是在治疗初期即使用了多种药物,包括糖皮质激素、多种免疫抑制剂、丙种球蛋白、托法替布联合治疗的策略。本组患者在初始治疗时即使用糖皮质激素联合1~2种免疫抑制剂、静脉滴注丙种球蛋白并口服托法替布; 1个月后,如果症状、影像学检查和肺功能结果改善,则将泼尼松逐渐减量至20~40 mg/d,再应用1~2个月,然后缓慢减量(每1~2个月减量5~10 mg),直到降至5~10 mg/d的维持剂量。在药物的选择上则在确诊后对患者进行病情的全面评估,主要是针对于病情的严重程度、药物的相对毒性、治疗基础疾病所用药物及对各种药物的应用经验。因抗MDA5抗体相关DM合并ILD病情进展的发生率较高,即使ILD为轻度,我们也会早期启动联合药物治疗,取得了较好的治疗效果。由于本研究纳入患者人数不多,本组患者的治疗方案还需大样本研究进一步验证。

综上所述,合并ILD的抗MDA5抗体相关DM病情复杂、进展快,预后差,以ILD为主要表现,需要呼吸科医师提高疾病鉴别能力,但其诊治需同时具备自身免疫性疾病相关知识。根据胸部影像学和特征性皮损、血清肌酶、肌电图的改变甚至肌肉活组织检查,及早诊断并启动有效治疗,早期使用激素及免疫抑制剂为主的综合治疗可有效改善预后。

作者贡献声明  李海燕  论文撰写,数据分析,病例搜集。孟颖颖  论文撰写,文献查询和分析。张俊  数据统计。唐薪竣  数据统计,病例搜集。胡莉娟  课题设计,论文修订。

利益冲突声明  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

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文章信息

李海燕, 孟颖颖, 张俊, 唐薪竣, 胡莉娟
LI Hai-yan, MENG Ying-ying, ZHANG Jun, TANG Xin-jun, HU Li-juan
以间质性肺疾病为主要表现的抗MDA5抗体相关皮肌炎8例临床分析
Anti-MDA5 antibody-positive dermatomyositis with interstitial lung disease as the primary manifestation: clinical analysis of 8 cases
复旦学报医学版, 2022, 49(3): 411-417.
Fudan University Journal of Medical Sciences, 2022, 49(3): 411-417.
Corresponding author
HU Li-juan, E-mail: hu.lijuan@zs-hospital.sh.cn.
基金项目
国家自然科学基金(81800077);上海市科委西医引导项目(18411966800)
Foundation item
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81800077) and the Western Medicine Guidance Project of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (18411966800)

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