子宫体恶性肿瘤是仅次于宫颈癌的全球女性生殖系统第二大肿瘤,发病率逐年上升(约占女性癌症的4.4%),子宫内膜癌是其最常见的肿瘤[1-3]。子宫内膜病变常表现为不规则阴道出血,如月经过多、淋漓不尽等,病理类型包括子宫内膜息肉、子宫内膜增生(伴或不伴不典型增生)和子宫内膜恶性病变等,其中不典型增生为癌前病变[4-5]。
临床上常用经阴道彩色多普勒超声(transvaginal sonography,TVS)检查子宫内膜,对宫腔占位或内膜增厚患者常行组织病理检查排除恶性病变[6.7]。国际内膜肿瘤分析组(International Endometrial Tumor Analysis,IETA group)2010发布了子宫内膜和宫腔的超声术语、定义和测量共识[8],指出超声检查子宫内膜同质、前后对称为回声均匀,而子宫内膜异质、不对称或囊性为回声不均。临床上,TVS有时仅提示内膜回声不均,未提示宫腔占位。内膜回声是否均匀是稳定可靠的影像学评估描述指标之一[9],但对于超声提示无宫腔占位、仅内膜回声不均的临床研究非常少[10-11],内膜回声不均与子宫内膜病变的相关性值得探索。
宫腔镜直视下内膜定位活检比盲刮准确性高,是鉴别正常内膜和异常内膜的金标准[12]。本研究对阴超提示子宫内膜回声不均并行宫腔镜检查的患者进行回顾性分析,结合病史、超声图像资料和病理结果,分组进行统计分析,以评估超声提示内膜回声不均的临床价值,为早期诊断子宫内膜恶性肿瘤提供依据。
资料和方法资料来源 收集复旦大学附属妇产科医院2015年1月—2018年12月阴超提示内膜回声不均并行宫腔镜以及组织病理检查的患者,排除标准:(1)TVS提示内膜有占位性病变;(2)近期有过激素补充治疗(尤其是雌激素治疗),乳腺癌后应用他莫西芬等激素干预的患者;(3)合并其他恶性肿瘤病史,妊娠相关并发症。纳入内膜回声不均患者共869例,所有入组病例无服用外源性雌激素及其他恶性肿瘤史,临床病例资料完整。术后病理诊断内膜不典型增生及恶性病变者为研究组,内膜正常或良性病变者为对照组。
分析参数 参考相关文献和临床恶变高危因素,记录并分析患者如下的参数资料:年龄、绝经状态、临床表现、其他内科合并症(如高血压、糖尿病等)、生育情况等临床资料。绝经定义为停经至少1年,临床表现分为体检发现、育龄期不规则阴道流血(包括周期、经期、经量改变,月经间期出血)和绝经后阴道流血。选择癌症筛查常用分界值50岁为年龄临界值。本研究中内膜不典型增生及恶变共47例,其中,2例内膜厚度3 mm和1例4 mm,44例(93.62%,44/47)均≥7 mm,基于此,我们将子宫内膜厚度分为 < 7 mm和≥7 mm两组。因此,尽管TVS提示子宫内膜厚度 < 5 mm是排除绝经后妇女子宫内膜病变的常用方法[13],本研究并未选择5 mm作为临界值。
超声设备 全部患者均由经验丰富的超声科医生进行TVS检查,采用美国GE公司(GE Healthcare Ultrasound,Milwaukee,WI,USA)Voluson 730 Expert、Voluson E8或飞利浦公司(Philip Ultrasound,Bothell,WA,USA)HD11_XE等彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,探头频率5~9 MHz。
统计学方法 以患者是否有内膜癌前或恶性病变为二分类结局变量,对年龄、绝经状态、临床表现、其他内科合并症、生育情况等可能的影响因素进行单因素Logistic回归分析,再通过多因素Logistic回归模型,构建受试者工作特征曲线(ROC),计算ROC曲线下面积(AUC)。应用SPSS 23.0统计软件进行数据分析,以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
结果子宫内膜回声不均患者宫腔镜下组织病理结果 宫腔镜下定位活检组织病理结果表明,超声提示内膜回声不均患者中,56.04%(487/869)患者的内膜正常,43.96%(382/869)为病变内膜,其中,38.55%(335/869)为良性病变,5.41%(47/869)为内膜不典型增生或恶性病变。对照组(n=822)包括子宫内膜息肉、内膜增生紊乱、内膜增生不伴不典型增生;研究组(n=47)包括内膜不典型增生、内膜样腺癌、子宫内膜混合性肿瘤、透明细胞癌、癌肉瘤和腺肉瘤(图 1,表 1~2)。
Histopathological results | n | Percent(%) |
Normal(proliferative or secretory phases or postmenopausal endometrium) | 487 | 56.04 |
Endometrial lesions | 382 | 43.96 |
Benign lesions without hyperplasia | 265 | 30.49 |
Polyps | 250 | 28.76 |
Disordered proliferation | 15 | 1.73 |
Endometrial hyperplasia(EH) | 90 | 10.36 |
EH without atypia | 70 | 8.06 |
EH with atypia | 20 | 2.30 |
Carcinoma | 27 | 3.11 |
Endometrioid adenocarcinoma | 21 | 2.42 |
Mixed adenocarcinoma | 1 | 0.12 |
Clear cell carcinoma | 1 | 0.12 |
Carcinosarcoma | 2 | 0.23 |
Adenosarcoma | 2 | 0.23 |
Total | 869 | 100.00% |
Characteristics | Carcinoma | |
Endometrioid adenocarcinoma (n=21) |
Others (n=6) |
|
Age(x±s,y) | 57.38±16.79 | 60.00±9.36 |
<50 | 5(23.81%) | 0(0%) |
≥50 | 16(76.19%) | 6(100%) |
Menopausal status | ||
Postmenopause | 15(71.43%) | 5(83.33%) |
Premenopause | 6(28.57%) | 1(16.67%) |
Clinical manifestations | ||
Health check-ups | 3(14.28%) | 2(33.33%) |
AUB before menopause | 4(19,05%) | 1(16.67%) |
Postmenopausal bleeding | 14(66.67%) | 3(50.00%) |
Endometrial thickness(x±s,mm) | 10.84±5.24 | 13.67±4.16 |
<7 mm | 2(9.52%) | 0(0%) |
≥7 mm | 19(90.48%) | 100(100%) |
子宫内膜回声不均患者发生内膜癌前/恶性病变的单因素Logistic分析 单因素Logistic分析表明,研究组与对照组在年龄[(52.06±15.38)vs.(47.53±13.79)岁,P=0.031]、内膜厚度[(11.77±4.74)mm vs.(9.84±4.96)mm,P=0.011]、异常子宫出血(P < 0.001)差异有统计学意义。是否绝经、是否有内科合并症以及生育史在两组之间差异无统计学意义。研究组中34.04%(16/47)的患者表现为育龄期不规则阴道出血(abnormal uterine bleeding,AUB),36.17%(17/47)为绝经后阴道出血,而有29.79%(14/47)的患者为体检偶然发现(表 3)。
[x±s, or n(%)] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Characteristics | Endometrium without atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma [n=822(94.59%)] |
Endometrium with atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma [n=47(5.41%)] |
OR(95%CI) | P-value | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Age(y) | 47.53±13.79 | 52.06±15.38 | 1.024(1.002-1.047) | 0.031 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Age | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
<50 y | 455(55.35%) | 19(40.43%) | ref | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
≥50 y | 367(44.65%) | 28(59.57%) | 1.827(1.004-3.324) | 0.048 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Menopausal status | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Postmenopause | 327(38.93%) | 23(48.94%) | ref | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Premenopause | 495(61.07%) | 24(51.06%) | 1.451(0.805-2.614) | 0.215 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Medical comorbidities | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
No | 692(84.18%) | 35(74.47%) | ref | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Yes | 130(15.82%) | 12(25.53%) | 1.825(0.923-3.609) | 0.084 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Clinical manifestations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Health check-ups | 515(62.65%) | 14(29.79%) | ref | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
AUB before menopause | 227(27.62%) | 16(34.04%) | 2.593(1.244-5.402) | 0.011 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Postmenopausal bleeding | 80(9.73%) | 17(36.17%) | 7.817(3.709-16.475 | < 0.001 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gravidity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
≤1 | 233(28.34%) | 13(27.66%) | ref | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2-3 | 488(59.37%) | 30(63.83%) | 1.102(0.564-2.152) | 0.776 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
≥4 | 101(12.29%) | 4(8.51%) | 0.710(0.226-2.230) | 0.557 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Endometrial thickness(mm) | 9.84±4.96 | 11.77±4.74 | 1.063(1.014-1.114) | 0.011 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Endometrial thickness | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
<7 mm | 216(26.28%) | 3(6.38%) | ref | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
≥7 mm | 606(73.72%) | 44(93.62%) | 5.228(1.607-17.009) | 0.006 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
P value was derived from the univariable association analyses between each of the clinical variables and pathological diagnosis.AUB:Abnormal uterine bleeding. |
内膜回声不均患者发生内膜癌前/恶性病变的多因素Logistic分析 将单因素Logistic分析中P<0.05的3个变量——年龄、内膜厚度、异常子宫出血纳入到多因素分析中,考虑到既往众多研究提示绝经状态与子宫内膜病变存在相关性[14-16],因此也将是否绝经纳入到多因素Logistic分析中。其中年龄≥50岁(OR:3.498,95%CI:1.209~10.124,P=0.021)、异常子宫出血(OR:2.903,95%CI:1.904~4.425,P<0.001)、内膜厚度≥7 mm(OR:6.411,95%CI:1.921~21.392,P=0.003)是子宫内膜发生癌前或恶性病变的高危因素。
ROC曲线 根据表 4中的结果得到回归方程为:P=1/1+e-Y,Y=-8.793+1.252×Age-0.889× Meno-pause+1.066×AUB+1.857×Thickness,并绘制出ROC曲线。AUC为0.749,95%CI为0.671~0.828(P<0.001,图 2)。可见内膜回声不均患者联合年龄、是否绝经、是否有异常子宫出血及内膜厚度等因素,对内膜病变的诊断具有一定的价值。
Characteristics | OR(95%CI) | P |
Age≥50 y | 3.498(1.209-10.124) | 0.021 |
Menopause | 0.411(0.138-1.227) | 0.111 |
AUB | 2.903(1.904-4.425) | < 0.001 |
Endometrial thickness≥7 mm | 6.411(1.921-21.392) | 0.003 |
AUB:Abnormal uterine bleeding.*P<0.05. |
TVS是检查内膜最常用的方法,具有无创、方便、准确性较高的优点,已被广泛应用于子宫内膜检查。超声检查子宫内膜回声均匀,即同质、前后对称,提示内膜正常。在子宫内膜癌患者中,TVS多提示子宫内膜增厚或子宫腔内占位[17]。然而对于超声提示无宫腔占位、内膜回声不均的患者,子宫内膜回声不均的临床意义目前尚不明确,缺乏相关临床研究及指南。Epstein等[10]对1714名子宫内膜癌患者进行了前瞻性多中心研究,结果发现TVS提示内膜回声不均的患者预后较差(差异为7%;95%CI:1%~13%)。Dueholm等[18]提出使用超声图像特征预测子宫内膜癌的评分系统,其中危险因素包括子宫内膜回声是否均匀。Ying等[19]通过超声造影发现65.8%的内膜癌都存在内膜回声不均匀增强。本研究对869例超声提示内膜回声不均且无宫腔占位的患者进行宫腔镜检查,发现近一半(44.41%)的患者被诊断为子宫内膜病变,且多于5%(5.37%)的患者为癌前或恶性病变,超出了小概率事件的范围。除此之外,近1/3(29.79%,14/47)的癌前或恶性病变患者是因为体检行阴超检查偶然发现,表明超声提示子宫内膜回声不均对于早期诊断子宫内膜癌前或恶性病变具有显著临床意义。
本研究的病理结果显示除子宫内膜样腺癌外,有其他4种特殊类型子宫体恶性肿瘤,包括子宫内膜混合性肿瘤(透明细胞癌和内膜样腺癌)、透明细胞癌、内膜癌肉瘤及内膜腺肉瘤,共计6名患者。透明细胞癌常见于绝经后妇女,多发于萎缩性子宫内膜或息肉,雌孕激素受体表达阴性,恶性程度高,易发生子宫外的远处转移。癌肉瘤是一种罕见类型的双向分化恶性肿瘤,既含恶性上皮成分,又含恶性间质成分,也称为恶性混合型苗勒管瘤[20]。子宫癌肉瘤的病灶在不同时期、以及向不同方向生长的超声表现不同,最早期时的内膜与正常内膜超声表现无明显差异,病变进展过程中若病灶弥漫性生长,则内膜会增厚或不均,坏死囊变较为常见[21],也可形成宫腔内息肉样肿块、侵犯深肌层,甚至累及腹膜[22]。子宫腺肉瘤多为影像学检查发现,常表现为宫颈、宫腔占位性病变或子宫体积增大,多呈不均质低回声,部分显示血流信号丰富[23],有研究表明腺肉瘤与子宫内膜异位症相关,也有研究表明与雌激素水平及雌激素受体相关[24]。内膜样腺癌超声表现与其他恶性子宫病变之间无明显特异性,超声检查异常行临床诊刮或宫腔镜进一步检查从而明确诊断。
本研究为单中心回顾性分析子宫内膜回声不均行宫腔镜检查患者,存在一定选择性偏移。但由于宫腔镜相较于分段诊刮更准确可靠,是诊断子宫内膜病变的金标准。近十年来随着宫腔镜的普及,复旦大学附属妇产科医院对临床考虑子宫内膜病变可能的患者(包括内膜回声不均和宫腔占位)均进行宫腔镜检查,尽可能减少漏捡。
综上所述,本文通过回顾性分析子宫内膜回声不均且无宫腔占位患者的宫腔镜检查组织学结果和临床特点,表明超声提示子宫内膜回声不均对早期诊断子宫内膜癌前和恶性病变具有重要意义。多因素分析发现年龄≥50岁,异常子宫出血,内膜厚度≥7 mm,是发生癌前或恶变的危险因素。
作者贡献声明 罗凌霄 文献调研和整理,研究构思和设计,数据整理和分析,论文撰写。符忠蓬研究构思和设计。崔璨,曾健平,孙小怡 数据整理。汪清,隋龙,丛青 论文修订,研究构思和设计。
利益冲突声明 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
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