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   复旦学报(医学版)  2021, Vol. 48 Issue (1): 82-90      DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2021.01.013
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NGAL和KIM-1检测在儿童脓毒症合并急性肾损伤中的诊断价值
徐佳音 , 朱海燕 , 徐锦     
复旦大学附属儿科医院临床检验医学中心 上海 201102
摘要目的 探讨中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin,NGAL)和肾损伤因子1(kidney injury molecule 1,KIM-1)的检测在脓毒症合并急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)患儿诊疗过程中的临床应用价值。方法 采用病例对照研究,按照纳入标准选取2019年1-12月入住复旦大学附属儿科医院PICU的脓毒症患儿82例,按照排除标准去除13例。按入院后是否发生AKI分为脓毒症AKI组28例和脓毒症非AKI组41例。脓毒症AKI组患儿根据治疗过程中是否进行连续性肾脏替代治疗(continuous renal replacement therapy,CRRT)分为脓毒症AKI-CRRT组和脓毒症AKI-非CRRT组。检测脓毒症AKI和非AKI患儿住院后0 h、24 h和72 h的血NGAL、KIM-1、肌酐、胱抑素C(cystatin C,CysC)和视黄醇结合蛋白(retinol-binding protein,RBP)水平,同时监测24 h和72 h的尿量。用非参数检验统计方法分析数据,通过受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析NGAL、KIM-1、肌酐、尿量、CysC、RBP对脓毒症并发AKI的诊断价值。结果 脓毒症AKI组患儿的NGAL、KIM-1、肌酐、CysC水平在0 h、24 h、72 h时均显著高于脓毒症非AKI组(P < 0.05)。脓毒症AKI-CRRT组和非CRRT组各时点NGAL、肌酐的水平均高于脓毒症非AKI组(P < 0.05)。KIM-1、CysC、RBP、尿量在24 h和72 h时,脓毒症AKI患儿较非AKI患儿有明显差异(P < 0.05)。ROC曲线比较显示:脓毒症AKI-CRRT组和非CRRT组0 h时NGAL的AUC面积均最大(分别为0.907和0.951)、灵敏度最高(分别为92%和100%)。脓毒症AKI-CRTT组患儿的肌酐水平在72 h时呈现下降,并且较24 h时肌酐的AUC面积减小、敏感度和特异性均降低(P < 0.05); NGAL和KIM-1水平在24 h显著升高后,至72 h仍维持在较高水平,且NGAL在3个时点、KIM-1在后2个时点均维持良好的诊断效能。结论 NGAL灵敏度较高,可在早期提示AKI的发生。在血液净化的治疗过程中NGAL、KIM-1受干扰因素较少,可为AKI患儿肾功能真实水平的评估提供参考。
关键词脓毒症    急性肾功能损伤(AKI)    中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)    肾损伤因子1(KIM-1)    连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRTT)    儿童    
The value of NGAL and KIM-1 detection in clinical diagnosis of sepsis with acute kidney injury in children
XU Jia-yin , ZHU Hai-yan , XU Jin     
Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the clinical value of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) in cases of sepsis with acute kidney injury (AKI) during the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric patients. Methods A case-control study was performed among 82 children diagnosed with sepsis and admitted to the PICU of Children's Hospital, Fudan University between Jan.and Dec.of 2019.Excluding 13 cases, they were divided into 28 cases of sepsis AKI group and 41 cases of sepsis non-AKI group according to the diagnosis of AKI after admission.According to whether continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) was performed during the treatment, children in the sepsis AKI group were further divided into sepsis AKI-CRRT group and sepsis AKI-non-CRRT group.Serum NGAL, KIM-1, cystatin C (CysC), retinol-binding protein (RBP) and creatinine in sepsis children with or without AKI were detected at the time points of 0 hour (0 h), 24 hours (24 h) and 72 hours (72 h) after admission, respectively.Urine output were monitored at 24 h and 72 h.The levels of nonparametric test statistical method was employed to analyze the data.The diagnostic value of NGAL, KIM-1, creatinine, urine output, CysC and RBP in sepsis with AKI was analyzed by observing the receiver operating curve (ROC). Results In children of sepsis AKI group, the detection values of NGAL, KIM-1, creatinine and CysC at 0 h, 24 h and 72 h were significantly higher than those in sepsis non-AKI group (P < 0.05).The levels of NGAL and creatinine at each time point in sepsis AKI-CRRT group and non-CRRT group were higher than those in sepsis non-AKI group (P < 0.05).Levels of KIM-1, CysC, RBP and urine output at 24 h and 72 h in sepsis AKI group was significantly different from those in sepsis non-AKI group (P < 0.05).Comparison of ROC curves showed that the AUC area of NGAL at 0 h in sepsis AKI-CRRT group and non-CRRT group was the largest (0.907 and 0.951, respectively), and the sensitivity was the highest (92% and 100%, respectively).The creatinine level of sepsis AKI-CRRT group treatment decreased at 72 h, and the AUC area of creatinine at 72 h was lower than that at 24 h, and the sensitivity and specificity decreased (P < 0.05).While NGAL and KIM-1 levels increased significantly at 24 h, then remained high at 72 h.NGAL at the 3 time points and KIM-1 at the last 2 time points maintained good diagnostic performance. Conclusion NGAL has high sensitivity and may act as an early indicator for occurrence of acute kidney injury. Due to their less interference during the treatment of blood purification, NGAL and KIM-1 may help to evaluate the true level of renal function in children with AKI.
Key words: sepsis    acute kidney injury (AKI)    neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL)    kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1)    continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT)    children    

脓毒症(sepsis)是机体对感染的反应失调而导致威胁生命的器官功能障碍[1]。急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)被认为是与死亡率独立相关的危重病并发症[2-3]。脓毒症儿童合并AKI发病迅速,死亡率高。目前,AKI诊断标准由2012年KDIGO(Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes)发布,通过尿量减少或血肌酐较其基础值升高进行诊断,但掌握肌酐基础值后诊断AKI需要一定时间的观察[4]。应用KDIGO标准诊断AKI仍存在一定数量的漏诊率[5],特别对危重症患者仍存在局限性。除了肌酐和尿量,胱抑素C(cystatin C,CysC)、视黄醇结合蛋白(retinol-binding protein,RBP)也是临床上评价肾功能的常用指标。中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin,NGAL)和肾损伤因子1(kidney injury molecule 1,KIM-1)是近年诊断AKI的新的生物标志物。NGAL最早被报道于先天性心脏病患儿体外循环术后合并AKI时具有早期提示的作用,近年来的研究逐渐关注当其他疾病合并AKI时它是否同样具有良好的诊断价值;KIM-1被认为是一种潜在的AKI标志物,但总体报道少,并多集中在尿液中KIM-1的诊断价值上。两个标志物在危重症儿童AKI中应用的报道均不多。基于AKI是一种与原发疾病息息相关的综合征,同时危重症儿童往往病情复杂,发展迅速,本研究拟通过收集不同时点的样本,对血NGAL和KIM-1指标在脓毒症患儿AKI早期诊断以及特殊治疗过程中的临床应用价值进行探讨。

资料和方法

临床资料  连续纳入2019年1—12月诊断脓毒症、入住复旦大学附属儿科医院重症监护室的患儿82例。脓毒症诊断标准按《儿童脓毒性休克(感染性休克)诊治专家共识(2015版)》[6]。按照排(剔)除标准除去13例。排除标准为各类结缔组织病(如类风湿、皮肌炎)、慢性肾脏病(如慢性肾损伤)及肿瘤、免疫缺陷等基础疾病的患儿。剔除标准为住院24 h内死亡或自动出院者。最终纳入脓毒症的患儿69例。根据脓毒症同期是否合并AKI分为脓毒症AKI组和脓毒症非AKI组。AKI的诊断标准按2012年KDIGO发布的48 h内血肌酐升高 > 26.5 μmol/L或大于基础值的1.5倍(确认或推测7天发生)或持续6 h以上尿量少于0.5 mL·kg-1·h-1。根据诊断脓毒症24 h内是否行连续性肾脏替代治疗(continuous renal replacement therapy,CRRT),将脓毒症AKI组进一步分为脓毒症AKI-CRRT组和脓毒症AKI-非CRRT组。CRRT治疗组均采用连续静脉-静脉血液滤过透析模式(continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration,CVVHDF)。超滤量根据临床治疗要求设定在0.5~5 mL·kg-1·h-1,透析量及滤过液量均设定为25 mL·kg-1·h-1 [7-8],将尿量及超滤量相加作为共同的观察指标。本研究获复旦大学附属儿科医院伦理委员会批准(伦理批件号:复儿伦申〔2019〕315)。

研究方法  留取脓毒症AKI和非AKI患儿3个时点(入院后0 h、24 h、72 h)和正常对照组体检时(所用标本为生化检测剩余血清,≤0.5 mL)的静脉血,3 350×g离心5 min,吸取血清放置-70 ℃冰箱保存备用,并检测NGAL、KIM-1、肌酐、CysC、RBP。NGAL和KIM-1检测:采用ELISA方法,试剂为美国R & D公司的Human Lipocalin-2/NGAL Immunoassay和Human Serum TIM-1/KIM-1/HAVCR Immunoassay检测试剂盒。肌酐、CysC、RBP检测:使用美国贝克曼库尔特有限公司AU5800全自动生化仪检测。肌酐检测原理为酶法,CysC和RBP检测原理为免疫浊度法。检测试剂、定标品、质控品均与仪器配套。尿量计量:记录24 h时及之后每个研究观察时点为起点的24 h尿量(mL),以患儿每公斤(kg)每小时(h)的尿量报告(mL·kg-1·h-1);记录脓毒症AKI-CRRT治疗组患儿超滤量(mL),以患儿每公斤(kg)每小时(h)的形式报告(mL·kg-1·h-1),并将两者相加。小样本量方法验证NGAL、KIM-1试剂盒提供的参考区间,纳入正常儿童均为“建立中国儿童临床常规检验指标参考区间”课题招募的正常体检儿童,符合伦理要求[9]。检测纳入研究的22例正常儿童的血NGAL、KIM-1水平,如检测数据有离群值,剔除后补齐验证样本量。检测数据≤2个结果超出待验证区间,验证通过;检测数据 > 3个结果超出待验证区间,则需要检查分析程序,根据参考人群差异自建参考区间[10]

统计学分析  正态分布的计量资料用x±s表示,非正态分布的计量资料用中位数和四分位间距M(P25,P75)表示。分类资料统计使用χ2检验,组间比较用非参数检验k个独立样本Kruskal-Wallis H比较,脓毒症AKI-CRRT组各时点间的比较用Friedman非参数检验。使用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评价肌酐、尿量、NGAL、KIM-1、CysC和RBP对AKI患儿的诊断价值,取约登指数最大时的灵敏度和特异性。以双侧检验P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。所有数据均使用SPSS 22.0软件分析,Graphad Prism8软件绘制箱式图。

结果

临床资料  脓毒症AKI组28例,住院天数9~175天(M=23天)。脓毒症非AKI组41例,住院天数7~66天(M=25.5天)。脓毒症AKI组中进行CRRT治疗者18例,脓毒症AKI与非AKI患儿的临床信息见表 1。正常对照组:选取同期体检的健康儿童共22例(男性12例,女性10例),其中 < 1岁9例,1~4岁4例,5~9岁3例,≥10岁6例。正常对照组年龄和性别与病例组差异无统计学意义。

表 1 脓毒症AKI和脓毒症非AKI组患者的一般临床资料 Tab 1 General clinical data of patients in sepsis AKI and sepsis non-AKI group  
[n(%)]
Characteristics Sepsis AKI group(n=28) Sepsis non-AKI group(n=41) χ2 P
Age 2.818 0.421
   < 1 y 9 (32.1) 8 (19.5)
  1-4 y 8 (28.6) 15 (36.6)
  5-9 y 9 (32.1) 11 (26.8)
  ≥10 y 2 (7.1) 7 (17.1)
Gender 0.348 0.365
  Female 15 (53.6) 19 (46.3)
  Male 13 (46.4) 22 (53.7)

血NGAL、KIM-1参考区间验证  NGAL试剂盒参考区间42~177 ng/mL,检测数据41.18~57.98 ng/mL,均值(49.5±4.44)ng/mL,1例超出待验证区间,验证通过。KIM-1试剂盒参考区间0~56.9 pg/mL,检测数据14.04~52.39 pg/mL,均值(31.43±9.86)pg/mL,均未超出待验证区间,验证通过。采用验证通过的区间作为本研究的正常参考区间。

脓毒症AKI患儿各指标的检测结果  NGAL在脓毒症AKI组和脓毒症非AKI组各时点的检测水平均高于正常对照组,脓毒症AKI组显著高于脓毒症非AKI组(P均 < 0.05)。24 h、72 h时脓毒症AKI和非AKI患儿的KIM-1均高于正常对照组,这2个时点脓毒症AKI患儿的KIM-1显著高于脓毒症非AKI患儿(P均 < 0.05)。肌酐在3个时点、CysC和RBP在后2个时点时,脓毒症AKI组均明显高于非AKI组(P均 < 0.05,表 2)。

表 2 脓毒症AKI和非AKI患儿与正常对照组各指标检测结果比较 Tab 2 Comparison of various biomarkers at different time points among sepsis AKI group, sepsis non-AKI group and normal control group  
[M (P25, P75)]
Index Sepsis AKI Sepsis non-AKI Normal control group P1 P2 P3
NGAL (ng/mL)
  0 h 111.34 (102.36, 133.27) 82.42 (66.59, 96.35) 49.70 (46.85, 52.38) < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001
  24 h 167.20 (142.61, 190.22) 91.10 (74.09, 108.40) < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001
  72 h 169.47 (136.88, 182.31) 91.57 (78.59, 111.34) < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001
KIM-1 (pg/mL)
  0 h 114.63 (94.04, 245.63) 89.96 (68.87, 111.31) 29.74 (26.67, 34.99) < 0.001 < 0.001 0.178
  24 h 223.23 (127.42, 330.72) 89.21 (71.22, 119.19) < 0.001 < 0.001 0.001
  72 h 400.26 (210.62, 486.55) 91.25 (68.76, 126.05) < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001
Creatinine (μmol/L)
  0 h 57.00 (42.00, 72.00) 35.00 (27.00, 42.00) 29.00 (23.00, 54.00) < 0.001 1.000 < 0.001
  24 h 100.00 (76.00, 138.00) 28.0 0(22.00, 35.00) < 0.001 1.000 < 0.001
  72 h 79.00 (51.00, 135.00) 26.00 (20.00, 33.00) < 0.001 0.354 < 0.001
CysC (mg/L)
  0 h 1.10 (0.84, 1.28) 0.82 (0.65, 1.21) 0.75 (0.69, 0.93) 0.035 1.000 0.087
  24 h 2.25 (2.04, 2.97) 0.81 (0.66, 1.21) < 0.001 1.000 < 0.001
  72 h 1.82 (1.15, 2.32) 0.83 (0.68, 1.10) < 0.001 1.000 < 0.001
RBP (mg/L)
  0 h 28.00 (16.30, 32.60) 21.20 (13.20, 29.50) 25.1 (22.10, 27.80) 0.212 0.061 0.055
  24 h 32.60 (20.60, 56.00) 12.10 (10.00, 20.90) 0.765 0.001 0.000
  72 h 37.60 (22.00, 54.10) 20.90 (14.50, 25.40) 0.168 0.230 0.000
P1:Sepsis AKI vs. normal control group; P2:Sepsis non-AKI vs. normal control group; P3:Sepsis AKI vs. sepsis non-AKI.NGAL:Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; KIM-1:Kidney injury molecule 1;CysC:Cystatin C; RBP:Retinol-binding protein.

脓毒症AKI-CRRT组、脓毒症AKI-非CRRT组和脓毒症非AKI组各指标检测结果比较   0 h及之后各观察时点,NGAL、肌酐在脓毒症AKI-CRRT组和脓毒症AKI非CRRT组的检测水平均高于脓毒症非AKI组(P均 < 0.05)。KIM-1、CysC、RBP在24 h和72 h时,脓毒症AKI-CRRT组及非CRRT组患儿均高于脓毒症非AKI组(P均 < 0.05)。脓毒症AKI患者无论是否进行CRRT治疗,尿量均低于脓毒症非AKI组,CRRT治疗组24 h时点的尿量+超滤量高于非CRRT组(P均 < 0.05)。进行CRRT治疗的脓毒症AKI患儿,与0 h时点相比,肌酐在24 h显著升高,72 h较24 h明显下降(P均 < 0.05),NGAL、KIM-1、CysC在24 h显著升高后保持平稳(P均 < 0.05),尿量、RBP在各时点均无显著变化(图 1A~G)。

AKI:Acute kidney injury; CRRT:Continuous renal replacement therapy. 图 1 脓毒症AKI-CRRT组和非CRRT组及脓毒症非AKI组各检测指标的比较 Fig 1 Comparison of various biomarkers among sepsis AKI-CRRT group, sepsis AKI-non-CRRT group and sepsis non-AKI group

经CRRT治疗的脓毒症-AKI患儿各指标诊断价值比较  NGAL在0 h时的AUC面积最大(0.907),敏感度最高(92%),特异性最强(78.6%)。24 h时NGAL、KIM-1、肌酐和CysC均显示良好的诊断效能,NGAL仍显示了最高的敏感性(96%)和特异性(98.6%)。72 h时NGAL和KIM-1的诊断效能优于其他指标,两指标的AUC面积均 > 0.9,敏感度 > 90%,特异性87.1%,肌酐在72 h的的诊断敏感度降低至88%,特异性降至77.1%(P < 0.05)。RBP各时点的AUC面积均 < 0.8,敏感度≤60%(表 3)。

表 3 CRRT治疗组各指标诊断AKI的ROC曲线比较 Tab 3 Comparison of ROC curves in the diagnosis of sepsis AKI-CRRT group
Biomarker AUC 95%CI Cut-off value P Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%)
0 h
  NGAL 0.907 0.848-0.966 89.28 ng/mL < 0.001 92 78.6
  KIM-1 0.783 0.680-0.887 91.04 pg/mL < 0.001 80 71.4
  Creatinine 0.816 0.716-0.917 47.50 μmol/L < 0.001 72 78.6
  Urine output - - - - -
  CysC 0.685 0.560-0.810 0.94 mg/L 0.006 68 67.1
  RBP 0.560 0.417-0.702 29.70 mg/L 0.377 44 77.1
24 h
  NGAL 0.985 0.960-1.000 128.18 ng/mL < 0.001 96 98.6
  KIM-1 0.894 0.830-0.959 102.19 pg/mL < 0.001 92 77.1
  Creatinine 0.970 0.923-1.000 64.00 μmol/L < 0.001 92 95.7
  Urine output 0.766 0.642-0.889 2.06 mL·kg-1·h-1 < 0.001 64 85.4
  CysC 0.977 0.950-1.000 1.55 mg/L < 0.001 92 97.1
  RBP 0.754 0.631-0.877 32.15 mg/L 0.001 56 91.4
72 h
  NGAL 0.933 0.881-0.984 117.40 ng/mL < 0.001 92 87.1
  KIM-1 0.957 0.920-0.993 128.14 pg/mL < 0.001 96 87.1
  Creatinine 0.887 0.812-0.963 42.00 μmol/L < 0.001 88 77.1
  Urine output 0.844 0.742-0.947 2.58 mL·kg-1·h-1 < 0.001 84 80.5
  CysC 0.919 0.860-0.977 1.33 mg/L < 0.001 72 95.7
  RBP 0.739 0.603-0.876 34.65 mg/L 0.001 60 94.3

未经CRRT治疗的脓毒症AKI患儿各指标的诊断价值比较  比较脓毒症AKI-非CRRT治疗组ROC曲线,NGAL在0 h时AUC面积最大(0.951),敏感度最高(100%),特异性87.1%,肌酐在该时点的AUC面积较小(0.751),敏感度最低(42.9%)。24 h时NGAL、KIM-1、肌酐和CysC均显示良好的诊断效能,NGAL仍显示了最高的敏感度(100%)和特异性(98.6%)。72 h时除尿量外,其余各检测指标的AUC均 > 0.9(表 4)。

表 4 脓毒症AKI-非CRRT治疗组各指标诊断AKI的ROC曲线比较 Tab 4 Comparison of ROC curves in the diagnosis of sepsis AKI-non CRRT group
Biomarker AUC 95%CI Cut-off value P Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%)
0 h
  NGAL 0.951 0.902-1.000 100.88 ng/mL < 0.001 100 87.1
  KIM-1 0.753 0.584-0.922 98.15 pg/mL 0.028 71.4 78.6
  Creatinine 0.751 0.559-0.943 70.50 μmol/L 0.029 42.9 100
  Urine output - - - - -
  CysC 0.758 0.627-0.810 0.80 mg/L 0.025 100 50
  RBP 0.600 0.383-0.817 28.35 mg/L 0.385 57.1 70
24 h
  NGAL 0.990 0.969-1.000 134.75 ng/mL < 0.001 100 98.6
  KIM-1 0.880 0.782-0.978 112.84 pg/mL 0.001 85.7 81.4
  Creatinine 0.913 0.758-1.000 66.00 μmol/L < 0.001 85.7 98.6
  Urine output 0.778 0.608-0.949 2.06 mL·kg-1·h-1 0.017 85.7 72.9
  CysC 0.946 0.883-1.000 1.13 mg/L < 0.001 100 80
  RBP 0.804 0.569-1.000 28.25 mg/L 0.008 85.7 81.4
72 h
  NGAL 0.957 0.910-1.000 117.40 ng/mL < 0.001 100 87.1
  KIM-1 0.939 0.871-1.000 108.42 pg/mL < 0.001 100 77.1
  Creatinine 0.976 0.934-1.000 52.50 μmol/L < 0.001 100 85.7
  Urine output 0.805 0.688-0.922 2.58 mL·kg-1·h-1 0.009 100 62.7
  CysC 0.970 0.929-1.000 1.13 mg/L < 0.001 100 85.7
  RBP 0.977 0.943-1.000 33.05 mg/L < 0.001 100 90
讨论

目前,有文献报道脓毒症合并AKI的机制是中性粒细胞、单核细胞以及血管内皮细胞发生复杂交错的免疫反应,肾小管在炎症细胞的浸润下,细胞发生自噬、凋亡以及坏死,最终造成肾小管受损而引发AKI[11-13]。在众多新的生物标志物中,研究最多且最有临床应用前景的是NGAL和KIM-1。NGAL主要来源于中性粒细胞,少量表达于肾、脾、肝,与明胶酶B相关,相对分子质量为25 000[14]。KIM-1是来源于肾脏近曲小管上皮细胞的I型膜糖蛋白,相对分子质量39 000[15]。研究显示NGAL、KIM-1可对先天性心脏病患儿体外循环(cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)术后诱发的AKI进行预测和诊断[16-17]。近年来的研究认为这2个生物大分子标志物对脓毒症、接受冠状动脉造影的急性冠脉综合征或心力衰竭患者、泌尿系统疾病所致AKI有较好的早期诊断价值[18-21]

在0 h、24 h、72 h的动态监测中发现:脓毒症AKI组的NGAL、KIM-1水平均明显高于非AKI患儿和正常对照组。当机体发生脓毒症时,在细菌内毒素的刺激下释放出大量内源性的炎症介质,不仅对肾小管造成不同程度的损伤,从而导致AKI的发生,还会促进肾小管上皮细胞产生NGAL,因此脓毒症引发AKI时NGAL明显升高[22-24]。KIM-1来源于肾小管上皮细胞,在上皮细胞损伤时表达增强,且持续至上皮细胞修复[25]。研究认为AKI引发了ERK1/2、STAT3磷酸化,STAT3与KIM-1启动子结合,增加其mRNA和蛋白质水平,KIM-1细胞外结构域的脱落导致血液或尿液中KIM-1水平大大增加[26]。国外有研究显示,检测尿NGAL易受尿液中白细胞的干扰影响,因此本研究采用血液标本替代尿液标本。

本研究中有18例脓毒症AKI组患儿在诊断AKI后进行了CRRT。0 h时脓毒症AKI-CRRT组和脓毒症AKI-非CRRT组的NGAL和肌酐水平都明显高于脓毒症非AKI组;两组脓毒症AKI患儿中,NGAL的AUC面积均最大(分别为0.907和0.951),敏感度最高(分别为92%和100%),特异性强(分别为78.6%和87.1%),对脓毒症AKI的诊断效能优于其他指标。国内研究报道,成人脓毒症患者NGAL预测AKI较肌酐可至少提前6 h[27-29],在儿童中NGAL预测AKI的时间可提早24 h[30-31]。张辉等[32]对92例儿童AKI标志物的研究显示,虽在达到AKI诊断标准时肌酐的诊断特异性最好,但血肌酐的变化往往滞后于肾功能的改变,当肌酐升高程度达到诊断标准时,患儿病情已较为严重,因此肌酐的变化对AKI的早期诊断缺乏高敏感性。由于0 h时无法计算尿量,借助尿量诊断AKI需要一定的观察时间,所以依靠尿量对AKI的诊断存在滞后。0 h时CysC、RBP水平在脓毒症AKI-CRRT组、脓毒症AKI-非CRRT组和脓毒症非AKI组3组间比较均没有显著差异,提示CysC与RBP无法在早期有效区分脓毒症是否合并AKI。NGAL在疾病早期显著增高,因此临床检测NGAL可以更早地帮助预警AKI的发生,从而达到尽早干预的目的。

在行CRRT治疗的AKI患儿各时点的动态监测中观察到:72 h与24 h肌酐水平相比呈现下降趋势,并且72 h较24 h肌酐的AUC面积减小、敏感度和特异性均降低;而NGAL、KIM-1分别在24 h显著升高后,至72 h仍维持在较高水平,且NGAL在3个时点和KIM-1在后2个时点均维持良好的诊断效能。而脓毒症AKI组中未行CRRT治疗的患儿,各指标在72 h与24 h相比,AUC面积、敏感度和特异性均没有明显的变化。分析认为:目前临床应用的CRRT滤器均采用高通量滤器,其对溶质清除截点(cut off)为20 000~250 000,这5个生物标志物的相对分子质量(Mr)从小到大依次为:肌酐(113) < CysC(13 000) < RBP(21 000) < NGAL(25 000) < KIM-1(39 000)[33]。可见在CRRT治疗过程中,“金标准”肌酐易被滤过,从而不能反映肾功能真实情况。而NGAL和KIM-1的相对分子质量均 > 20 000,理论上在CRRT治疗进程中不易被清除,从而继续维持相对稳定的高水平表达。CysC和RBP的相对分子质量与清除截点接近,也可能受到一定的影响。尿量在脓毒症AKI-CRRT治疗组和非CRRT治疗组比较结果没有显著差异,但当将尿量加上CRRT治疗过程中滤出体内的超滤量,24 h时脓毒症AKI-CRRT组则高于非CRRT组。可见,CRRT治疗期间由于应用了超滤模式替代肾脏排尿功能,患儿实际产生的尿量与其真实的肾功能不相符,所以无法在行CRRT过程中应用尿量反映肾功能真实情况。如需通过尿量反映AKI病情的进展,则要等待治疗间隙观察后再作评估,显然尿量无法与治疗保持同步的测量。与此同时,脓毒症采用集束化治疗,临床应用药物(如利尿剂)、透析等方式均有可能干扰诊断的效率。从脓毒症AKI-CRRT组ROC曲线比较结果来看,NGAL在3个时点、KIM-1在后2个时点均保持较高敏感性及特异性,验证了大分子标志物NAGL和KIM-1能够更有效地反映CRRT治疗后肾功能的真实情况[34-36]

本研究的不足之处是儿童脓毒症病例数较少,仅为小样本量研究,得到的是初步结果,后续拟增大样本量进一步研究NGAL和KIM-1的诊断价值。

综上所述,重症患儿且同时诊断脓毒症和AKI时病情复杂并发展迅速,病程中多个生物标志物的动态监测显示NGAL灵敏度高,对AKI的发生可能起到早期提示作用,而在血液净化的治疗过程中NGAL和KIM-1受干扰因素较少,可对这些患儿肾功能真实水平的评估提供更多的诊断指标。

作者贡献声明  徐佳音 论文构思,执行实验,数据采集,统计分析,撰写和修订论文。朱海燕 文献调研和整理,执行实验,数据采集。徐锦 研究指导,论文修订。

利益冲突声明  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

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文章信息

徐佳音, 朱海燕, 徐锦
XU Jia-yin, ZHU Hai-yan, XU Jin
NGAL和KIM-1检测在儿童脓毒症合并急性肾损伤中的诊断价值
The value of NGAL and KIM-1 detection in clinical diagnosis of sepsis with acute kidney injury in children
复旦学报医学版, 2021, 48(1): 82-90.
Fudan University Journal of Medical Sciences, 2021, 48(1): 82-90.
Corresponding author
XU Jin, E-mail: jin030101@aliyun.com.

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