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   复旦学报(医学版)  2019, Vol. 46 Issue (6): 797-802      DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2019.06.013
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血清miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b表达对胃癌早期诊断和预后的影响
周琨1 , 陆霁2 , 殷晓星2 , 董冰2 , 徐晗2 , 李龙至2 , 马保金1     
1. 复旦大学附属华山医院普外科 上海 200040;
2. 上海市静安区中心医院普外科 上海 200040
摘要目的 观察血清miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b表达在胃癌早期诊断和预后的影响。方法 选择2015年1月至2017年1月在复旦大学附属华山医院就诊且病理确诊的胃癌患者118例,设为胃癌组。选择同期在我院病理诊断为胃息肉者75例和健康体检者45例,分别为胃息肉组和健康对照组。用定量RT-PCR(qRT-PCR)法检测各组血清miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b表达水平。观察胃癌患者血清miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b表达水平与临床病理指标,及其诊断和预测2年内存活率的效能。结果 胃癌组血清miRNA-128a表达水平明显高于胃息肉组(q=26.388,P < 0.01)和健康对照组(q=32.195,P < 0.01),手术后较术前明显降低(t=14.321,P < 0.01),胃息肉组明显高于健康对照组(q=7.198,P < 0.01);而胃癌组血清miRNA-128b表达水平明显低于胃息肉组(q=211.148,P < 0.01)和健康对照组(q=249.984,P < 0.01),手术后较术前明显升高(t=15.139,P < 0.01),胃息肉组明显低于健康对照组(q=38.232,P < 0.01)。血清miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b表达水平对诊断胃癌具有较高的灵敏度和特异性,联合检测的灵敏度为78.8%,特异性为97.3%,曲线下面积明显高于单个指标miRNA-128a(Z=3.436,P < 0.01)和miRNA-128b(Z=2.658,P < 0.01)。胃癌患者血清miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b表达水平与肿瘤细胞分化程度、TNM分期、淋巴结转移和浸润深度具有明显相关性(P < 0.01)。病例随访2年,胃癌存活组血清miRNA-128a表达水平明显低于死亡组(P < 0.01);当其>98.47 fmol/L,预测2年内出现死亡的灵敏度为89.5%,特异性为81.8%,曲线面积为0.889。而存活组的血清miRNA-128b表达水平明显高于死亡组(P < 0.01),当其≤94.86 fmol/L,预测2年内死亡的灵敏度为94.7%,特异性为81.8%,曲线下面积为0.931。结论 联合检测血清miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b有助于胃癌诊断,对2年内出现死亡的预测具有重要参考价值。
关键词胃癌    微小RNA    定量RT-PCR    早期诊断    预后    
Impact of serum miRNA-128a and miRNA-128b expression on early diagnosis and prognosis in patients with gastric cancer
ZHOU Kun1 , LU Ji2 , YIN Xiao-xing2 , DONG Bing2 , XU Han2 , LI Long-zhi2 , MA Bao-jin1     
1. Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China;
2. Department of General Surgery, Jing'an District Central Hospital, Shanghai 200040, China
Abstract: Objective To observe the impact of serum miRNA-128a and miRNA-128b expression on early diagnosis and prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. Methods One hundred and eighteen patients with gastric cancer diagnosed in Huashan Hospital, Fudan University from Jan.2015 to Jan.2017 were selected as the gastric cancer group.Seventy-five patients with gastric polyps by pathological diagnosis and 45 healthy people were selected as gastric polyps group and healthy control.Quantitative RT-PCR was used to detect the expression levels of serum miRNA-128a and miRNA-128b in each group.The relation among serum miRNA-128a and miRNA-128b levels, clinic pathological parameters in gastric cancer patients and prognosis was observed, and their efficacy of diagnose and predicting death within 2 years was also observed. Results The serum miRNA-128a expression in gastric cancer group was significantly higher than that in gastric polyp group (q=26.388, P < 0.01) and healthy control (q=32.195, P < 0.01), the expression in gastric polyp group was significantly higher compared with the healthy control (q=7.198, P < 0.01), and after operation the expression level was significantly lower than that before operation (t=14.321, P < 0.01).The serum miRNA-128b expression in gastric cancer group was significantly lower than that in gastric polyp group (q=211.148, P < 0.01) and healthy control group (q=249.984, P < 0.01), the expression of those in gastric polyp group was also significantly lower compared healthy control group(q=38.232, P < 0.01), and the expression was significantly higher after surgery than before surgery (t=15.139, P < 0.01).The serum miRNA-128a and miRNA-128b expression had high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of gastric cancer, the sensitivity of combined detection was 78.8%, the specificity was 97.3%, and the area under curve was significantly higher than miRNA-128a (Z=3.436, P < 0.01) and miRNA-128b (Z=2.658, P < 0.01).The expression of serum miRNA-128a and miRNA-128b in patients with gastric cancer were significantly correlated with tumor cell differentiation, TNM staging, lymph node metastasis and depth of invasion (P < 0.01).After 2 years' follow-up, the serum miRNA-128a expression in survival group was significantly lower than that in death group (P < 0.01).When its level was >98.47 fmol/L, the sensitivity of predicting death within 2 years was 89.5%, the specificity was 81.8%, and the curve area was 0.889.The serum miRNA-128b expression in survival group was significantly higher than that in death group (P < 0.01), when its level was ≤ 94.86 fmol/L, the sensitivity of predicting death within 2 years was 94.7%, the specificity was 81.8%, and the curve area was 0.931. Conclusions Combined detection of serum miRNA-128a and miRNA-128b is helpful for diagnosis in patients with gastric cancer and has important reference value for predicting death in gastric cancer patients within 2 years.
Key words: gastric cancer    microRNA    quantitative RT-PCR    early diagnosis    prognosis    

胃癌是常见的恶性肿瘤, 是癌症死亡的第二大原因。随着诊断技术和治疗手段的进步, 胃癌的死亡人数在一定程度上有所下降, 但仍是威胁人类生命健康的严重疾病[1]。据统计我国每年胃癌新发病例中, 大多数患者处于胃癌晚期, 5年生存率不足20%[2]。因此, 寻找胃癌早期诊断和治疗方法, 是提高生存率的关键。胃癌的发生、发展和转移等过程相当复杂, 涉及到癌基因, 抑癌基因和非编码基因等, 而非编码基因现已经被逐步认识, 并在癌症的发生、发展中具有重要作用[3]。微小RNA(miRNA)是一种非编码RNA家族, 长度为20~22个核苷酸不等, 并且发现其参与调节多种生物学过程, 包括细胞增殖, 分化, 迁移和凋亡等, 其参考肿瘤发生、发展的生物学过程备受关注[4-5]。miR-128在肿瘤中的表达与肿瘤发生、发展有密切关系。我们通过研究miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b在胃癌组织中的表达, 发现其可作为早期诊断和预后的指标, 现报告如下。

资料和方法

临床资料  选择2015年1月至2017年1月在复旦大学附属华山医院就诊且经病理确诊的胃癌患者118例, 为胃癌组。其中男性75例, 女性43例, 年龄45~79岁, 平均(61.56±13.54)岁。根据美国癌症联盟委员会(AJCC)第七版胃癌肿瘤TNM分期:Ⅰ期21例, Ⅱ期26例, Ⅲ期60例, Ⅳ期11例; 根据分化程度分为低分化81例, 中、高分化37例。纳入标准:均经胃镜检查, 并活检确证为胃癌; 均知情同意, 签署知情同意书。排除标准:合并其他肿瘤; 有免疫性疾病或者血液性疾病; 合并肝炎, 结核和肺部感染等感染性疾病; 不能耐受手术、围手术期死亡或者不愿意接受随访; 术前采取化疗和放疗等措施; 临床资料不完整。选择同期在我院病理诊断为胃息肉的患者75例, 为胃息肉组, 男性48例, 女性27例, 年龄45~79岁, 平均(61.86±11.38)岁。另外选择同期在我院行健康体检者45例, 为健康对照组, 男性27例, 女性18例, 年龄45~79岁, 平均(60.67±15.37)岁。3组年龄、性别等一般资料匹配。本研究经复旦大学附属中山医院伦理委员会批准通过。

血液标本的抽取  患者入院及手术后2周取清晨空腹肘静脉血约10 mL, 在4 ℃的条件下放置30 min, 低速离心20 min (1 800 r/min, r=15 cm), 去上清液, 将其放置于-70 ℃冰箱中保存。

qRT-PCR检测  根据GenBank中的miRNA-128a、miRNA-128b和U6的序列号, 并用Premier Primer5.0软件进行引物设计。miRNA-128a引物序列, 上游:5’-ACACTCCAGCTGGGTCACAGT-GAACCG-3’, 下游:5’-CCCAAGCTTATGAAGC-CAAATGATGCAAAAT-3’; miRNA-128b引物序列, 上游:5’-TGTTCTTAAGGCTAGGGAACCA-3’, 下游:5’-CCGGAATTCCGGCCGTCAGGCAG-TCTTCAGC-3’; U6引物序列, 上游:5’-CTCGCT-TCGGCAGCACA-3’, 下游:5’-AACGCTTCACG-AATTTGCGT-3’。反向引物为试剂盒自带。qRT-PCR的总反应体系为25 μL, 包括上下游引物各1.0 μL(其浓度为10 μmmol/L), cDNA为0.8 μL, RNaseH2O为12.2 μL和SYBRPPrimix Ex TaqTM 10 mL。反应条件为:预变性95 ℃ 10 min, 95 ℃ 5 s和60 ℃ 60 s, 共40个循环。在60 ℃下用ABI7700软件收集荧光信号进行溶解曲线分析, 每个样品进行3个平行复孔, 采用绝对定量法进行测定, 用1 mol/L的人工合成miRNA分别稀释成浓度106、105、104、103和102 fmol/L作为标准品, 以浓度对数为X轴, 以对应的Ct值为Y轴, 绘制成标准曲线, 并根据标准曲线计算出miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b的绝对含量。

观察指标  比较胃癌组与健康对照组血清miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b水平的变化及术前术后的变化, 胃癌患者血清miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b水平与临床病理指标和预后的关系, 及其在诊断早期胃癌的灵敏度和特异性。

统计学分析  采用SPSS 11.0统计软件进行数据分析, 正态分布的计量资料采用x±s表示, 多组比较采用方差分析, 多组两两比较采用SNK-q检验, 两组治疗前后比较采用配对t检验, 两组比较采用t检验。计数资料采用率进行表示, 率的比较采用χ2检验。采用Logistic二元回归分析得出miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b水平联合变量诊断胃癌和2年内死亡发生情况, 绘制出受试者曲线(ROC)评价诊断的灵敏度和特异性。检验水准α=0.05。

结果

各组血清miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b表达的变化  从表 1可知, 胃癌组血清miRNA-128a表达水平明显高于胃息肉组(q=26.388, P < 0.01)和健康对照组(q=32.195, P < 0.01), 手术后较术前明显降低(t=14.321, P < 0.01), 胃息肉组明显高于健康对照组(q=7.198, P < 0.01);而胃癌组血清miRNA-128b表达水平明显低于胃息肉组(q=211.148, P < 0.01)和健康对照组(q=249.984, P < 0.01), 手术后较术前明显升高(t=15.139, P < 0.01), 胃息肉组明显低于健康对照组(q=38.232, P < 0.01)。

表 1 各组血清miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b表达的变化 Tab 1 Changes of serum miRNA-128a and miRNA-128b expression in each group
Groups Cases
(n)
miRNA-128a
(fmol/L)
miRNA-128b
(fmol/L)
Healthy control 45 55.34±12.98 248.35±80.70
Gastric polyp group 75 62.71±9.73 210.30±42.38
Gastric cancer group 118 88.45±23.71 122.84±52.36
Gastric cancer after surgery 118 52.37±13.67 238.49±64.38

血清miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b诊断胃癌的效能  从表 2图 1可知, 血清miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b表达水平对诊断胃癌具有较高的灵敏度和特异性, 两指标进行二元回归得方程Y=0.078×XmiRNA-128a -0.042×XmiRNA-128b+2.294, 联合检测的灵敏度为78.8%, 特异性为97.3%, 曲线下面积明显高于单个指标miRNA-128a(Z=3.436, P < 0.01)和miRNA-128b(Z=2.658, P < 0.01), 而miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b之间差异无统计学意义。

表 2 血清miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b诊断胃癌的效能比较 Tab 2 Efficacy of serum miRNA-128a and miRNA-128b expression in the diagnosis of gastric cancer
Detection Optimal cut off Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%) AUC 95%CI
miRNA-128a (fmol/L) >76.83 70.3 96.0 0.864 0.807-0.909
miRNA-128b (fmol/L) ≤170.35 78.0 86.7 0.904 0.853-0.941
Combined detection - 78.8 97.3 0.946 0.904-0.973
图 1 血清miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b诊断胃癌的ROC曲线 Fig 1 ROC curve of serum miRNA-128a and miRNA-128b expression in the diagnosis of gastric cancer

胃癌患者血清miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b与临床指标的关系  从表 3可知胃癌患者血清miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b表达水平与性别、年龄和肿瘤直径无明显相关性, 而与肿瘤细胞分化程度、TNM分期、淋巴结转移和浸润深度具有显著相关性(P < 0.01)。

表 3 胃癌患者血清miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b与临床指标的关系 Tab 3 Relationship between the serum miRNA-128a and miRNA-128bexpression and clinical indicators in gastric cancer patients
Clinical parametersCases (n)miRNA-128a (fmol/L)miRNA-128b (fmol/L)
x±stPx±stP
Gender 0.804 0.423 0.274 0.784
  Male 75 87.38±18.36 123.65±43.68
  Female 43 90.32±20.38 121.43±39.76
Age (y) 0.952 0.343 0.174 0.862
  <60 50 86.64±19.38 123.62±46.35
  ≥60 68 89.31±16.37 122.27±37.64
Cell differentiation 8.416 0.000 2.991 0.003
  Low 81 98.34±17.65 115.36±39.67
  Middle-high 37 66.80±21.38 139.22±41.38
Tumor diameter (cm) 1.560 0.122 0.397 0.692
  <5 60 85.56±18.46 124.35±42.38
  ≥5 58 91.44±22.37 121.28±41.67
TNM staging 6.764 0.000 4.173 0.000
  Ⅰ-Ⅱ 47 73.68±17.39 142.26±38.68
  Ⅲ-Ⅳ 71 98.23±20.46 109.98±42.67
Lymph node metastasis 14.447 0.000 6.860 0.000
  + 73 106.37±16.38 103.49±37.65
  - 45 59.38±18.37 154.23±41.18
Infiltration depth 3.156 0.002 3.413 0.0010
  Superficial muscle layer 24 98.37±16.38 148.37±39.76
  Deep muscle layer 94 85.92±17.46 116.32±41.37

血清miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b表达水平与2年内存活率的关系  胃癌患者术后随访2年, 19例出现死亡, 为死亡组; 99例存活, 为存活组。从表 4可知胃癌存活组血清miRNA-128a表达水平明显低于死亡组(P < 0.01), 而存活组的血清miRNA-128b水平明显高于死亡组(P < 0.01)。

表 4 随访2年出现死亡的胃癌患者血清miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b表达 Tab 4 Expression levels of serum miRNA-128a and miRNA-128b in patients with gastric cancer within 2 years' follow-up
Outcome Cases(n) miRNA-128a
(fmol/L)
miRNA-128b
(fmol/L)
Survival 99 83.41±20.93 136.30±44.17
Death 19 114.74±20.02 59.88±27.83
t 6.016 7.256
P <0.001 <0.001

血清miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b表达水平预测2年内出现死亡的效能  从表 5图 2可知胃癌患者血清miRNA-128a水平>98.47 fmol/L, 其预测2年内出现死亡的灵敏度为89.5%, 特异性为81.8%, 曲线面积为0.889;而当血清miRNA-128b≤94.86 fmol/L, 预测2年内死亡的灵敏度为94.7%, 特异性为81.8%, 曲线下面积为0.931;两者联合检测与单个指标检测比较并不能提高预测2年内死亡的诊断效能。

表 5 血清miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b表达在预测2年内出现死亡的效能比较 Tab 5 Efficacy of serum miRNA-128a and miRNA-128b expression levels in predicting death within 2 years' follow-up
Detection Optimal cut off Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%) AUC 95%CI
miRNA-128a (fmol/L) >98.47 89.5 81.8 0.889 0.818-0.940
miRNA-128b (fmol/L) ≤94.86 94.7 81.8 0.931 0.869-0.969
Combined detection - 100.0 84.8 0.964 0.912-0.990
图 2 血清miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b水平在预测2年内出现死亡的ROC曲线 Fig 2 ROC curves of serum miRNA-128a and miRNA-128b expression levels in predicting death within 2 years' follow-up
讨论

早期胃癌的预后较好, 晚期胃癌往往出现转移, 预后较差, 因此早期诊断是提高胃癌预后的关键。但是胃癌早期症状不典型, 很难被察觉, 胃镜能够提高确诊率, 但对临床医师和观察技巧均有一定的要求。胃镜下活检是一种侵入性手段, 存在取样误差, 从而影响疾病的诊断。随着分子生物学的进步和肿瘤机制研究的深入, 学者们发现异常表达的miRNA可能成为新型基因水平的诊断标记物, 为胃癌的诊断带来了新的希望[6-8]。组织标本中的miRNA为肿瘤诊断提供了精确的手段, 但取组织标本具有侵入性, 一定程度上限制其成为普遍、易获取的肿瘤标记物。血清标本易获得, 可以重复获取且稳定性较好, miRNA在室温下放置24 h, 在冷冻、煮沸的条件下表现稳定, 甚至在极酸和极碱的条件下仍然稳定[9-10]。miR-128在肿瘤中表达的缺失与肿瘤的发生、发展具有密切联系, 现已经证实miR-128在前列腺癌[11]、结肠癌[12]和乳腺癌[13]等实体肿瘤出现表达下调, 类似发挥抑癌基因的作用, 而在另一些肿瘤如骨肉瘤等[14]中存在高表达, 说明miR-128在不同的肿瘤中具有不同的功能, 这或与miR-128不同的分型有关。

本研究显示胃癌组血清miRNA-128a表达水平明显高于对照组, 手术后较术前明显降低; 而胃癌组血清miRNA-128b表达水平明显低于健康对照组, 手术后较术前明显升高, 说明两者均参与了胃癌的发生和发展过程, miRNA-128a作为促癌基因, miRNA-128b作为抑癌基因, 是否存在某种平衡需进一步研究。为进一步验证血清miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b表达水平能否成为胃癌早期诊断的指标, 本研究发现血清miRNA-128a>76.68 fmol/L时, 其灵敏度为71.2%, 特异性为97.8%, 曲线下面积为0.884, 同样具有较高的诊断效能, 其特异性较好。血清miRNA-128b≤204.12 fmol/L时, 其灵敏度为96.6%, 特异性为68.9%, 曲线下面积为0.901, 具有较高的诊断效能, 其灵敏度较好。故我们将两指标进行二元回归得联合检测指标, 其灵敏度为93.3%, 特异性为81.4%, 曲线下面积0.943, 诊断效能明显提高, 在灵敏度和特异性均得到平衡。与文献报道miRNA-128b可能成为诊断胃癌的肿瘤指标相一致[15]。而目前尚未发现联合血清miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b检测诊断胃癌的相关报道。

本研究发现胃癌患者血清miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b表达水平与性别、年龄和肿瘤直径无明显相关性, 而与肿瘤细胞分化程度、TNM分期、淋巴结转移和浸润深度显著相关, 说明miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b与胃癌的恶性程度具有一定的联系。现已知miRNA-128a能够明显促进肝癌细胞增殖, 在白血病中促进癌细胞增殖, 敲除miRNA-128a后其增殖作用明显降低, 说明其具有促进肿瘤细胞生长的作用。而一些文献报道转染miRNA-128a到神经胶质瘤细胞内, 能够明显抑制细胞的增殖、浸润和迁移等, 并且抑制神经胶质瘤恶性生物学行为, 说明miRNA-128a在不同细胞系具有不同生物学作用。现已知miRNA-128b在胃癌细胞中为低表达, 与抑制胃癌细胞增殖、浸润和凋亡作用相一致, 并发现其通过激活Akt/NF-κB信号通路抑制胃癌细胞的增殖[16]。在急性淋巴细胞白血病中miRNA-128b出现低表达, 并且其表达水平的高低是评价疗效的重要指标[17]。本研究还发现胃癌存活组血清miRNA-128a表达水平明显低于死亡组, 而存活组的血清miRNA-128b水平明显高于死亡组, 说明胃癌血清miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b表达水平与胃癌患者2年内是否存活具有一定的联系。通过ROC曲线分析, 进一步发现miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b表达水平在预测2年内存活率具有较高的灵敏度和特异性, 但是联合检测并不能提高单个指标预测2年内是否出现死亡的效能。因此, 对于预测2年内可能出现死亡的胃癌患者, 采取更多的干预手段, 延长胃癌患者的生存期, 具有重要的临床价值。

总之, 联合检测血清miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b有助于胃癌诊断, 对2年内存活率预测具有重要参考价值。

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文章信息

周琨, 陆霁, 殷晓星, 董冰, 徐晗, 李龙至, 马保金
ZHOU Kun, LU Ji, YIN Xiao-xing, DONG Bing, XU Han, LI Long-zhi, MA Bao-jin
血清miRNA-128a和miRNA-128b表达对胃癌早期诊断和预后的影响
Impact of serum miRNA-128a and miRNA-128b expression on early diagnosis and prognosis in patients with gastric cancer
复旦学报医学版, 2019, 46(6): 797-802.
Fudan University Journal of Medical Sciences, 2019, 46(6): 797-802.
Corresponding author
MA Bao-jin, E-mail:baojinma@sina.cn.

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