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   复旦学报(医学版)  2019, Vol. 46 Issue (6): 711-725      DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2019.06.001
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中国大动脉炎性肾动脉炎(TARA)诊治多学科专家共识
大动脉炎性肾动脉炎诊治多学科共识中国专家组     
摘要:大动脉炎(Takayasu's arteritis,TA)是中国、日本等东亚国家及地区青年女性好发的大血管炎症性疾病。TA累及肾动脉可引起大动脉炎性肾动脉炎(Takayasu's arteritis-induced renal arteritis,TARA),导致大动脉炎性肾动脉狭窄(Takayasu's arteritis-induced renal artery stenosis,TARAS),是青年人群发生恶性高血压、肾功能不全的首要原因。目前国内外均无TARA的临床诊治规范及指南,因此我们联合国内风湿免疫科、血管外科、心血管内科、泌尿系统内外科和放射诊断科等专家共同制定了中国大动脉炎性肾动脉炎诊治多学科专家共识,旨在规范疾病诊疗、促进多学科协作,为全科医师及不同学科医师提供临床实践指导。本共识的主要观点为:(1)TA是40岁以下高血压人群中的首要病因。(2)TARA高危人群为40岁以下高血压、腹部杂音、不明原因的肾萎缩患者。(3)TARA肾动脉中重度狭窄激活肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system,RAAS),继而导致恶性高血压、心脑血管疾病、缺血性肾病等严重并发症,是TA不良预后以及早期死亡原因之一。(4)影像学检查是诊断与评价TARA的主要手段,包括血管多普勒超声、磁共振血管造影(magnetic resonance angiography,MRA)、计算机断层血管造影(computed tomography angiography,CTA)等,数字减影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)仍是诊断金标准。(5)对TARA应当全面评估疾病活动度、肾脏功能学以及其他重要靶器官,对临床病情严重性予以分层。(6)TARA治疗应以风湿免疫科为主导,对于中重度严重患者由多学科合作诊疗制定个体化治疗方案。(7)TARA内科治疗诱导病情缓解和维持持续缓解,主要以糖皮质激素与化学合成缓解病情抗风湿病药(conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs,cDMARDs)、生物合成缓解病情抗风湿病药(biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs,bDMARDs)联合治疗。(8)TARA外科治疗强调术前抗炎治疗并获得病情充分缓解、术后继续序贯内科治疗与评估,外科手术可获得较好的长期生存。(9)TARA合并多处血管病变,高血压可按照"脑-心-肾"依次评估并制定降压目标和降压决策。(10)对于TARA患者的妊娠风险与时机,需要多学科团队(multidisciplinary team,MDT)全面评估病情活动度,充分权衡脏器功能水平。
关键词大动脉炎(TA)    肾动脉炎(RA)    肾动脉狭窄    共识    
Chinese multidisciplinary recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of Takayasu's arteritis-induced renal arteritis (TARA)
Chinese Multidisciplinary Expert Task Force on TARA     
Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
Abstract: Takayasu's arteritis (TA) is a major large-vessel vasculitis involved in young women of East Asia countries and regions including China and Japan.Takayasu's arteritis-induced renal arteritis (TARA) involving renal arteries will result in Takayasu's arteritis-induced renal artery stenosis (TARAS), which has been considered the primary cause of malignant hypertension and renal insufficiency in young population.To date, there has been no standard or guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of TARA both in China and abroad.Therefore, a multidisciplinary expert recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of TARA has been established by a task force including Chinese experts from rheumatology, vascular surgery, cardiology, nephrology, urology surgery and radiology, etc., aims to standardize the diagnosis and treatment, to promote multi-disciplinary collaboration, and to serve general practitioners and doctors from different disciplines at different levels.The keypoints of the recommendations include:(1) TA is the leading cause of hypertension in people under 40 years old.(2) High-risk population in patients with TARA are characterized with hypertension, abdominal murmurs and unknown renal atrophy under 40 years old.(3) Moderate and severe stenosis of TARA activates renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which leads to severe complications such as malignant hypertension, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and ischemic nephropathy, and is one of the causes of adverse prognosis and early mortality of TA.(4) Imaging examination is the main method of diagnosis and evaluation of TARA, including vascular Doppler ultrasound, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), computed tomography angiography (CTA), etc.Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is still the gold standard.(5) TARA should be comprehensively assessed disease activity and functions of kidney and other important target organs, so as to stratify the disease severity in clinical conditions.(6) TARA combined treatment should be dominated by rheumatologists, and individualized treatment strategy should be formulated for moderate to severe patients by multidisciplinary team (MDT).(7) Medical treatment in TARA induces remission mainly using the combined strategy of glucocorticoids and conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (cDMARDs) or biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs).(8) Surgical treatment in TARA emphasizes pre-operative anti-inflammatory treatment and full remission of the disease as well as continuing sequential medical treatment and evaluation after operation, so that it can achieve better long-term survival.(9) If patients with TARA combined with multiple vascular lesions, hypertension can be assessed according to the order of "brain-heart-kidney" in order to make the goal and the strategy of lowering blood pressure treatment.(10) Risk and timing at pregnancy in TARA require MDT to comprehensively assess disease activity and fully weigh organ function.
Key words: Takayasu's arteritis (TA)    renal arteritis (RA)    renal artery stenosis    recommendation    

大动脉炎(Takayasu’s arteritis, TA)是亚洲中青年人群好发的系统性大血管炎, 其中肾动脉是大动脉炎常见受累血管[1]。大动脉炎性肾动脉炎(Takayasu’s arteritis-induced renal arteritis, TARA)可导致肾动脉狭窄(Takayasu’s arteritis-induced renal artery stenosis, TARAS), 其临床并发症包括恶性高血压、心脑血管疾病、缺血性肾病、主动脉夹层等, 是TA的不良预后因素和早期死亡原因之一[2-3]。但是, 目前国内外尚无TARA的临床诊治规范和指南。

2018年4月13日起由复旦大学附属中山医院风湿免疫科牵头, 邀请全国风湿免疫科、血管外科、心血管内科、泌尿系统内外科和放射诊断科等多学科专家共同参与, 结合文献资料的全面搜索与整理, 参考各相关指南, 经过多次讨论, 在国内首次制定了TARA规范诊治的专家共识。这将有助于明确TARA高危人群、疾病活动度评价和病情评估指标、内科综合治疗策略、外科治疗时机及方案、患者宣教等, 从而规范风湿免疫科及相关学科的临床医师诊治流程、提高诊疗水平和改善疾病预后。

定义和流行率

TA定义和流行率  TA是一种慢性、非特异性、肉芽肿性血管炎[4], 主要累及主动脉弓及其主要分支, 也可累及胸腹主动脉、肺动脉及其分支、颅内及眼底血管等。血管壁全层炎症导致管腔狭窄和(或)闭塞, 少数呈管腔扩张或动脉瘤样改变, 导致脏器缺血、梗死及功能衰竭。1962年, 黄宛教授和刘力生教授以“缩窄性大动脉炎”为题首次在国际国内发表了对该疾病的命名, 目前统称为大动脉炎。日本学者早年提出的高安氏病(Takayasu’s disease)是指局限性的眼底血管病变, 直至20世纪60年代后期, 才认识到这是一种全身性血管疾病, 并命名为Takayasu’s arteritis (TA)。TA为少见病, 好发于亚洲人群, 起病年龄多小于40岁, 男女患病比约1:4~9[5]。亚洲国家年发病率约为1~2例/百万人[6], 日本基于医院数据估测年患病率为12.9~40例/百万人[7-8], 中国缺乏具体流行病学数据。根据1996年日本Numano制定的大动脉炎血管分型标准[9], 中国TA患者Ⅴ型最常见(30.4%~60.8%), 其次为Ⅰ型(20.4%~40.0%)、Ⅳ型(6.3%~20.8%)、Ⅱ型(6.4%~8.6%:Ⅱa 3.9%~4.8%, Ⅱb 1.6%~3.9%)与Ⅲ型(2.4%~3.9%)[10-13]。其中, Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型和Ⅴ型均可发生TARA。

TARA定义和流行率  TARA是在TA诊断基础上的、由免疫炎症介导的肾动脉管壁非特异性病变, 常引起肾动脉主干及其主要分支的管壁增厚、管腔狭窄和(或)闭塞, 即TARAS。TARA可以单独存在, 亦可以是全身血管受累的一部分。若是孤立的肾动脉炎, 需要与纤维肌性发育不良、先天性肾动脉狭窄、白塞综合征等鉴别。TARA临床表现隐匿, 27.3%以高血压起病, 或诊断时已进展为肾萎缩。在中国, TARA占TA的38.0%~76.2%, 双侧肾动脉受累49.1%~52%, 高血压发生率65.6%~83.6%[11-13]。肾动脉狭窄(renal artery stenosis, RAS)程度分为4级, 即<50%为1级, [50%~75%)为2级, [75%~100%)为3级, 100%闭塞为4级。早期积极的内科治疗可逆转TARA病情, 进入慢性期且狭窄程度≥2级、出现明显的血流动力学紊乱时往往需要多学科诊疗。

病理生理  当RAS≥2级且跨狭窄压力阶差(transstenotic pressure gradient, TSPG)>21 mmHg时, 肾血流量显著下降并影响狭窄侧肾灌注压和肾小球滤过率, 从而激活肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, RAAS), 导致水钠潴留增加, 并通过交感-肾上腺素系统和氧化应激反应引起一系列病理生理改变[14]。这些改变主要包括:(1)肾脏--肾髓质对缺血缺氧更敏感, 故早期肾脏受累表现为尿浓缩功能异常和尿量增加等肾小管功能异常, 随病情进展逐渐出现肾脏滤过功能降低和尿液减少等, 最终可导致灶性坏死、肾脏多发性囊肿、肾小球硬化和肾脏萎缩等; (2)心脏--高血压最为常见, 并引起左心室高电压伴心肌肥厚、功能减退, 最终发生心功能不全, 若冠状动脉受累则可因心肌缺血而加速心脏衰竭; (3)脑--血压持续升高可促进颅内动脉硬化, 脑血管玻璃样变性, 导致脑血管病发生; 血压骤然升高可出现高血压脑病等。

诊断和评估

TA诊断   TA临床表现隐匿或缺乏特异性, 容易被误诊。临床表现包括非特异性全身症状和受累血管炎症引起的疼痛与缺血表现。全身症状包括发热、全身不适、疲劳、盗汗、体重下降、纳差、肌痛、关节炎、结节红斑等。局部缺血症状包括肢体跛行(可累及上肢和/或下肢)、头晕、头痛、黑矇、晕厥、偏瘫、失语、失明、胸闷、胸痛、腹痛等[15]。体检触诊受累的表浅血管有压痛、搏动减弱或者无脉(包括肱动脉、桡动脉、颈动脉及足背动脉)、高血压或者双侧血压不对称, 动脉听诊闻及血管杂音等, 均是具有高度特异性的体征[16]。影像学检查是诊断TA的重要手段, 数字减影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography, DSA)是诊断TA的金标准, 但由于其有创性, 目前被磁共振血管造影(magnetic resonance angiography, MRA)、计算机断层血管造影(computed tomography angiography, CTA)、血管超声以及18氟标记的脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射型计算机断层扫描(18F-FDG positron emission computed tomography, 18F-FDG PET/CT)等替代。

1990年美国风湿病学会(American College of Rheumatology, ACR)的TA分类诊断标准最为广泛使用, 2012年Chapel Hill会议中的TA定义也常用于TA的临床诊断。1990年ACR的分类标准[17]共有6项, 满足≥3项者可诊断为TA:(1)发病年龄≤40岁; (2)患肢间歇性运动乏力; (3)一侧或双侧肱动脉搏动减弱; (4)双上肢收缩压差>10 mmHg; (5)锁骨下动脉或主动脉杂音; (6)造影提示主动脉及一级分支或上下肢近端的大动脉狭窄或闭塞, 病变常为局灶或节段性, 且不是由动脉粥样硬化、纤维肌性发育不良或其他原因引起。该分类标准临床操作简易、诊断效率高, 敏感度90.5%、特异度97.8%。2018年ACR更新了TA的分类标准(表 1), 满足准入条件后分类标准得分≥5分可诊断为大动脉炎。

表 1 2018年ACR更新的TA分类标准 Tab 1 The updated TA classification criteria from ACR in 2018
CriteriaaScore
Clinical features
  1) Female sex+1
  2) Angina or ischemic cardiac pain attributable
to vasculitis
+2
  3) Arm or leg claudication+2
Vascular exam findings
  1) Arterial bruit+2
  2) Reduced pulse in upper extremity+2
  3) Carotid-reduced pulse or tenderness+2
  4) SBP difference in arms ≥20 mmHg+1
Angiographic and Ultrasound Findings
  1) Number of affected arteries (select one):
    1 artery+1
    2 arteries+2
    3 or more arteries+3
  2) Vasculitis affecting paired branch arteries+1
  3) Abdominal aorta involvement with renal or
mesenteric involvement
+3
aInclusion criteria:1) ≤60 years of age at diagnosis; 2) Evidence of vasculitis on imaging.TA:Takayasu’s arteritis; ACR:American College of Rheumatology; SBP:Systolic blood pressure.

TARA诊断  TARA常以高血压起病, 在40岁以下继发性高血压患者中60%的病因为TA[18]。因此, TARA的高危因素为40岁以下不明原因的高血压、腹部听诊有杂音、不明原因的肾萎缩或者肾功能减退等。对于高危人群, 建议进一步采用影像学方法来筛查。另一方面, TA一旦确诊, 需对全身血管进行评估和测量四肢血压, 包括评估双上肢、双下肢间的血压差值及踝肱指数(ankle brachial index, ABI), 可以帮助早期发现TARA。

高血压定义为收缩压≥140 mmHg和(或)舒张压≥90 mmHg[19-20]; 双侧血压不对称定义为双侧上肢收缩压差值≥20 mmHg或双侧下肢收缩压差值≥30 mmHg; ABI正常范围为1.0~1.4[21]

影像学检查是明确诊断TARA的主要手段, 包括超声、CTA、MRA、DSA等。

超声  具有操作简单、快速、经济、安全等优点。二维超声可以观察肾脏大小、形状、皮质厚度等结构, 可以测量肾动脉起始部及主干的内径和估测管腔狭窄, 但对肾动脉分支及副肾动脉狭窄的诊断价值有限。RAS的超声血流动力学可以测量:肾动脉收缩期峰值流速(peak systolic velocity, PSV)、肾动脉与腹主动脉的PSV比值(renal-aortic ratio, RAR)、舒张末期流速(end-diastolic velocity, EDV)、段间动脉的阻力指数(resistant index, RI)、收缩早期加速度(acceleration, AC)和加速时间(acceleration time, AT)等。RAS超声诊断标准[22-23]:狭窄处PSV>180 cm/s和RAR≥3.5, 肾内段动脉AT>0.07 s和AC < 300 cm/s, 提示存在引起血流动力学异常的狭窄, 但需排除因腹主动脉狭窄导致的上述参数异常。彩色多普勒超声诊断RAS的特异度高(75.0%~98.5%), 但敏感度波动大(63.5%~100%)。缺点是超声检查依赖于操作者水平, 肥胖、腹部气体等客观条件易存在干扰。在我国, 推广超声检查有助于肾动脉病变的早期筛查, 对于可疑患者应完善进一步的检查。

CTA  是无创诊断RAS的主要方法, 64排及以上的高分辨率CTA可清晰地显示肾动脉的解剖结构[24]。具体包括:(1)肾动脉主干及一、二级分支管腔的狭窄与扩张; (2)肾动脉管壁病变, 包括钙化、夹层、斑块和出血等; (3)肾脏实质有无缺血; (4)肾动脉支架; (5)腹主动脉及分支的解剖以及是否存在副肾动脉等。其诊断RAS敏感度为64%~98%、特异度92%~99%[25-28]。但CTA存在电离辐射、对比剂过敏及肾毒性的风险, 对于有碘过敏史、血肌酐>265 μmol/L(3.0 mg/dL)或估算肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR)<30 mL/min的患者不建议使用CTA。

MRA  可以显示肾动脉、腹主动脉及其管壁。对比增强磁共振血管成像(contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography, CE-MRA)可诊断肾动脉主干狭窄率≥50%的RAS, 其敏感度为95.0%、特异度为94.4%。CE-MRA无电离辐射, 其不足之处包括:(1)空间分辨率低于CTA; (2)无法准确评价肾动脉支架再狭窄病变; (3)含钆对比剂在肾功能不全患者中存在引起肾源性系统性纤维化的危险性, 对此类患者可选择非对比剂增强MRA。

DSA  空间分辨率最高, 可直观、清楚地显示血管的解剖特征、病变分布及狭窄程度, 尤其可清晰显示支架再狭窄和Ⅲ级以下分支血管, 必要时可结合血管内超声判断病变性质, 是诊断RAS的金标准。但由于其有创性, 术后有出现穿刺部位出血、感染、肾血管栓塞以及对比剂肾病等风险, 因此目前不作为首选诊断方法, 主要用于同期行肾动脉介入治疗的患者。

活动度评估

血清学标志物  尚缺乏特异性血清学标志物, 目前常用的指标包括红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR)、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)或超敏CRP(high sensitivity CRP, hs-CRP)等急性时相反应物(表 2), 以及IL-6[29-31]、IL-8[32]、基质金属蛋白酶9[30, 33]等细胞因子。ESR正常者中40%在组织病理学上仍存在疾病活动, 而ESR升高者亦可由非疾病活动性原因所致。因此, ESR及CRP不能单独作为评估血管炎症的指标, 需要结合临床表现、影像学特点、排查有无感染肿瘤等并发症进行综合评估。

表 2 TARA活动度的评价指标及评价准确性 Tab 2 Evaluation indexes and itsaccuracy on disease activity of TARA
IndexThreshold valueSensitivity (%)Specificity (%)
Biomarkers
ESR[36, 40-41]-70-7556-77
ESR[31]36 mm/h76.9100
ESR[42]Male≥15 mm/h,
Female≥20 mm/h
96.788.2
CRP[40-41]-52-7559-73
CRP[31]2.1 mg/L94.170.6
hs-CRP[30]-53.872.2
hs-CRP[43]2.05 ng/mL71.4100
Radiology
  MRA[34-44]--66.7-10085.7-89
  Vascular ultrasoundHalo sign[45]Positive-33-63.2
IMT[46]0.8 mm8260
IMT2.7 mm69.288.9
Center deviation degree (CDD)[47]≤0.9472.769.2
Radial deviation degree (RDD)[47]≥0.1372.776.9
CDD+RDD[47]CDD≤0.94,
RDD≥0.13
72.787.5
Enhanced intensity of carotid artery wall
  1.68 dB[48]-8879.1
  1.68 dB+ESR+CRP[48]-82.587.5
  1.68 dB+ESR+CRP+IMT[48]-85.484.1
  CTADelayed scanvessel wall enhancement8875
Contrast enhancementedema rime sign34-57100
  PET/CT[49]-81
(95%CI:69-89)
74
(95%CI:55-86)
Activity scoring
NIH score[39]≥2 points98.230.8
TARA:Takayasu’s arteritis-induced renal arteritis; ESR:erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP:C-reactive protein; hs-CRP:High sensitivity CRP; MRA:Magnetic resonance angiography; IMT:Intima-media wall thickness; CTA:Computed tomography angiography; PET/CT:Positron emission computed tomography; NIH:National Institutes of Health.

影像学评价  包括MRA、血管超声、CTA、18F-FDG PET/CT等, 但均无公认的评分标准(表 2)。(1) MRA:是常用的TA疾病活动度评估方法, 包括管腔成像和管壁成像。管壁增厚、T2加权高信号以及管壁强化提示管壁活动性炎症[34-35]; (2)血管超声:评估颈动脉具有优势, “通心粉”征为特征性表现, 其中颈动脉内中膜厚度(intima-media wall thickness, IMT)可作为疾病活动度的评价指标, 但是超声尚不能准确评估肾动脉炎症; (3) CTA:管壁强化提示管壁炎症; (4) PET/CT:可半定量地评估血管壁炎症, 但价格昂贵、存在电离辐射, 不作为常规评估疾病活动度的方法, 在需要鉴别诊断、调整治疗方案、其他影像学方法不能充分评价时可以采用。

活动度评分标准  主要包括1994年美国国立卫生研究院(National Institutes of Health, NIH)评分[36]、2010年印度大动脉炎临床活动度评分[37](Indian Takayasu clinical activity score, ITAS)、大动脉炎疾病活动指数[38](disease extent index for Takayasu’s arteritis, DEI.Tak)以及医师全面评估(physician’s global assessment, PGA)。上述疾病活动度评价方法包含主观症状和非特异性炎症指标, 有时前者与稳定期管腔狭窄引起的缺血表现不易区别。在亚洲人群中需要进一步验证。NIH评分又称为Kerr评分, 是目前应用最多的评估方法。4项标准中满足2条及以上者为疾病活动:(1)全身症状:发热、骨骼及肌肉疼痛; (2) ESR升高; (3)血管缺血或炎症的特点:跛行, 脉搏减弱, 无脉, 血管杂音, 血压不对称; (4) DSA异常, 但目前常采用CTA、MRA或18F-FDG PET/CT等影像学检查替代。中国TA人群研究中, NIH评分与PGA的内部一致性系数为0.38[39](表 2)。

活动度评价  参照TA疾病活动度评估; 若近期内出现血压升高、肾功能减退、肾脏和(或)肾动脉影像学进展, 在排除药物、感染等因素后亦需要考虑TARA疾病活动。

功能学评估  主要包括肾动脉血流动力学评估、肾脏功能评估以及RAAS评估。

肾动脉血流动力学评估  (1)血管内超声:可观察肾血管内部的解剖图像, 直观地反映RAS程度和血管壁病变等情况, 较为准确地测量动脉管腔直径和粥样斑块或纤维斑块大小, 有助于DSA不易观察到的血管壁病变的诊断。(2)压力导丝检测:包括肾动脉的TSPG和血流储备分数(fractional flow reserve, FFR)。在肾动脉充血状态下, 以收缩期TSPG>21 mmHg且FFR<0.9作为诊断阈值, 对于评价RAS导致的肾血流量减少、肾实质损害等病理改变具有良好的诊断价值, 也是目前DSA术中评估RAS患者介入治疗指征及其疗效的功能学指标。

肾脏功能评估  (1)肾小球功能:肾功能(血肌酐、尿素氮、尿酸)、eGFR、血清胱抑素c等血清指标, 尿常规、尿沉渣、24小时尿蛋白定量及系列蛋白等尿液指标; (2)肾小管功能:血电解质(血钾等)、血气等血液指标, 尿量、昼夜尿比重、尿渗透压等浓缩功能指标, 以及尿电解质、尿小分子蛋白(β2微球蛋白、α1微球蛋白等)等重吸收功能指标; (3)核素99mTc-DTPA肾动态显像:为无创性、不依赖肾血管解剖结构即可获取双肾及单肾的GFR等优点, 其评估RAS>70%的敏感度为71%和特异度为75%。本共识推荐采用血肌酐与eGFR初始评估肾脏功能, eGFR不够准确时考虑胱抑素C和自由水清除率等评估。当GFR<50 mL/min、严重RAS、双侧RAS或者孤立肾RAS时, 肾动态显像的准确度降低。

RAAS系统评估  是指导TARA患者高血压治疗药物选择以及外科干预的参考指标。主要包括:(1)外周血浆肾素、醛固酮及血钾测定; (2)卡托普利肾显像, 从病理生理学角度诊断肾血管性高血压, 诊断TARAS(狭窄≥50%)的敏感度为94.8%、特异度为90.9%[13]; 但操作流程繁琐, 对合并有明显氮质血症、双侧RAS和独肾伴RAS的患者均无法应用; (3)分肾静脉肾素活性测定。

其他系统评估  TARA可以合并颈动脉、椎动脉、冠状动脉、腹主动脉等病变, 因此对心脑肾等重要脏器的血流灌注和功能评估十分重要。

脑血管系统高危人群识别及评估  TA如累及脑血管, 可显著增加急性缺血性和(或)出血性卒中的发生率, 导致不可逆的脑损伤。高危人群包括:(1)有单眼黑矇、晕厥、偏瘫、失语等中枢神经系统症状和(或)体征; (2)有脑血管疾病病史; (3)颈内动脉狭窄≥70%, 伴或不伴缺血症状和(或)体征; (4)主动脉弓上多支病变; (5)未控制的中、重度高血压等。对于TA患者应重视病史询问和体格检查, 对高危人群行经颅多普勒超声、头颅MRA、头颈联合MRA(3DTOF成像)或CTA等脑动脉结构评估, 以及CT灌注成像、MR灌注成像等脑灌注评估。DSA仍是诊断及评估的金标准。

心脏及其供血系统评估  高危人群包括活动后胸闷、胸痛、气促、呼吸困难等冠脉缺血表现者, 端坐呼吸、咯粉红色泡沫痰、夜间不能平卧、双下肢水肿等心功能不全表现者等。本共识推荐常规完善心电图检查, 有助于发现左心室肥厚以及心率变化; 在心电图异常或提示左室功能异常时, 进一步行超声心动图检查, 有助于评估心脏结构、功能以及治疗时机。

严重性评估  根据疾病活动度、肾脏功能以及其他重要脏器功能, 将TARA病情严重性分为轻、中和重度(图 1)。

TA:Takayasu's arteritis; ACR:American College of Rheumatology; MRA:Magnetic resonance angiography; CTA:Computed tomography angiography; DSA:Digital subtraction angiography; TARA:Takayasu's arteritis-induced renal arteritis; APRs:Acute phase reactants; NIH:National Institutes of Health; RAAS:Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; RAS:Renal artery stenosis; NYHA:New York heart association; Scr:Serum creatinine; GFR:Glomerular filtration rate; CKD:Chronic kidney disease. 图 1 TARA的病情严重性分层 Fig 1 Stratification for disease severity in TARA

评估频率  对TA患者应常规行肾动脉评估, 合并肾动脉炎患者应完善基线无创四肢血压监测(包括ABI)、肾动脉狭窄程度及功能评价、血流动力学及重要脏器评估等。活动期患者诱导缓解治疗期间应每1个月随访1次, 缓解成功后进入维持治疗则每3个月随访1次, 病情持续稳定可逐渐延长至每6~12个月随访1次。根据疾病严重程度确定随访时间:(1)轻度每3~6个月随访1次; (2)中度每1~3个月随访1次; (3)重度每1个月随访1次。每日监测血压最高值、尿量, 密切观察肾功能变化。

治疗

治疗原则   TARA的治疗原则:(1)以风湿免疫科为主导的多学科团队(multiple discipline team, MDT)合作诊疗; (2)早期诊断、早期治疗, 积极控制炎症、诱导病情缓解、保护脏器功能、防治并发症; (3)加强饮食、运动、药物等宣教, 积极预防感染, 提倡慢病自我管理, 提高患者生活质量; (4)根据合并症、靶器官损伤的严重性, 制定个体化治疗方案。病情轻度患者建议在风湿免疫科进行内科药物治疗及定期随访; 中重度患者的诊治流程见图 2

TARA:Takayasu's arteritis-induced renal arteritis; MDT:Multiple discipline team. 图 2 中重度TARA的诊治流程 Fig 2 The flow chart of diagnosis and evaluation in moderate and severe TARA

免疫抑制治疗  当TARA处于疾病活动时, 需积极抗炎治疗。常用药物包括以下几种。

(1) 糖皮质激素(glucocorticoid, GC)[11, 50-53]:具有快速、有效的抗炎作用, 是TA抗炎治疗中的基本药物。(2)化学合成的、缓解病情的抗风湿病药(conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, cDMARDs):与GC联合诱导TA疾病缓解, 有助于控制病情、协助GC减量并减少药物不良反应, 常用药物包括环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide, CTX)[54-60]、甲氨蝶呤(methotrexate, MTX)[57, 61-62]、来氟米特(leflunomide, LEF)[63-64]、吗替麦考酚酯(mycophenolate mofetil, MMF)[65-66]、硫唑嘌呤(azathioprine, AZA)[67]等。(3)生物合成的、缓解病情的抗风湿病药(biologicaldisease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, bDMARDs); 主要包括:①托珠单抗(tocilizumab, TCZ)[56, 68-70], 多项病例报道提示TCZ治疗TA患者的临床缓解率达57%~100%、随访6~27个月后复发率0~40%;但是日本的一项随机、双盲、安慰剂对照试验显示, 对复发性TA患者予以TCZ (162 mg/周)治疗, TCZ首次复发时间与安慰剂组相比差异无统计学意义; ②肿瘤坏死因子α抑制剂(tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor, TNFi)[71-76]的临床缓解率为77%~93%, 持续缓解率为50%~66%, 激素停用率为58%~66%, 复发率为33%~62%;③阿巴西普(abatacept, ABA)[77], 2017年美国一项多中心、随机双盲对照试验中, 34例初诊或复发TA患者接受了ABA (10 mg/kg)联合GC治疗, 12周时26例患者缓解, 进一步随机双盲进入ABA或安慰剂治疗, 结果显示ABA治疗平均缓解时间5.5个月, 12个月无复发生存率为22%, 与安慰剂组相比差异无统计学意义; ④乌司奴单抗、利妥昔单抗等均为个案报道。(4)其他治疗:肾动脉外科术后长期抗血小板治疗有助于预防再狭窄的发生, 抗凝、他汀类等是否改善血管病变以及疾病远期预后尚缺乏循证证据。

根据病情, 治疗分为诱导缓解期、维持治疗期、慢性进展期以及预防复发。

诱导缓解期  适用于疾病活动期患者。鉴于GC单药治疗减量后的持续缓解率低、复发率高[36], 建议GC(泼尼松或等效的其他药物)与免疫抑制剂联合治疗。泼尼松起始剂量0.5~1.0 mg/kg (qd, p.o.), 维持4~8周, 病情缓解后予以逐渐减量, 剂量减至5~10 mg (qd, p.o.)维持1~2年或以上, 当病情不能控制或者病情危重时考虑短期大剂量应用, 同时预防及监测GC的不良事件。

对于无严重并发症的患者, 免疫抑制剂首选cDMARDs。(1) MMF(1.0~1.5 g, bid, p.o.):文献报道MMF联合GC治疗TA的缓解率为75%~90%[65-66], 可显著降低疾病活动度, 减少GC用量, 但需警惕继发感染; (2) LEF (10~20 mg, qd, p.o.):前瞻性单中心队列研究中报道难治性患者缓解率为80%[63], 长期随访维持缓解率为41.6%[64], 不良反应较轻; (3) MTX(7.5~15 mg, qw, p.o.):临床缓解率可达75%~81%, 但复发率为54%, 影像学进展率为38%, 不良反应以胃肠道不适、和肝功能异常常见, 继发感染较少见[62, 78]; (4) AZA(2 mg/kg, qd, p.o.):目前仅有一项印度的开放性观察研究, AZA治疗1年可降低炎症指标, 影像学无进展, 无严重不良反应。

对于有严重并发症或者病情显著活动的患者, 首选CTX治疗(0.75~1.0 g/m2、每4周静脉滴注1次), 需警惕继发感染、生殖毒性、胃肠道反应、肝肾毒性、骨髓抑制、出血性膀胱炎等[55, 57, 79]。对于GC和2种及以上免疫抑制剂治疗效果不佳的难治性TARA, 建议应用bDMARDs[71, 80], 在排除感染、肿瘤等禁忌后可考虑使用以下药物。(1) TCZ (8 mg/kg):每4周静脉滴注1次, 需警惕感染以及停药后复发, 其他不良事件包括血细胞减少、血脂升高等[69-71, 80-84]; (2)TNFi:其中英夫利昔单抗的循证证据最多、不良反应较轻, 临床缓解率为74.7%~87%, 复发率为28.6%[61, 71-72, 76, 81], 用药前需排查潜在结核、乙肝病毒感染等, 并警惕用药期间感染的发生; (3)利妥昔单抗[85-87]、ABA[77]等其他类型bDMARDs也有临床应用的报道。

维持期  适用于病情缓解的患者。临床缓解定义为无新发或者加重的全身以及局部症状和(或)体征、血压稳定、ESR和CRP降至正常以及影像学上无新发病变或原有病变无进展。GC逐渐减量至泼尼松7.5~15 mg (qd, p.o.), 原服用的cDMARDs逐渐减量至最小有效剂量, 继续维持, 且保证病情稳定; CTX或生物制剂可以换为其他cDMARDs维持治疗。

慢性进展期  尽管临床无活动依据, 但影像学上持续进展。目前无循证医学支持的治疗手段, 建议加强免疫抑制剂治疗或换用其他的免疫抑制剂治疗。

预防复发  轻度复发, 可将GC加量或原有cDMARDs加量; 严重复发, 建议更换治疗方案, 优选bDMARDs(TCZ、英夫利昔单抗等bDMARDs)与MTX联合治疗。有文献报道, 联合羟氯喹治疗可以预防TA复发[88]

手术治疗

手术时机  内科积极抗炎抗免疫治疗, 直至病情充分缓解。TA疾病活动是手术相关死亡的主要危险因素, 也是术后发生再狭窄的独立危险因素[10], 因此充分的内科治疗有助于减少术后并发症、改善长期预后[89]。当合并颈动脉、颅内动脉、冠状动脉等血管病变或者病情极其危重时, 需MDT讨论手术风险和获益、手术时机以及手术策略。手术治疗后仍然需要序贯内科的治疗与评估[90]

手术适应证及禁忌证  外科手术适应证主要针对伴有血管严重狭窄(或闭塞)且造成严重并发症的TARAS患者。具体包括:(1)肾血管指征--TARAS直径狭窄>70%并且有明确血流动力学依据(TSPG>21 mmHg), 有血运重建的局部条件; (2)临床病情指征--经多种降压药物治疗后, 仍存在严重高血压(持续高血压Ⅱ~Ⅲ级)、恶性高血压或药物治疗不耐受; 经内科治疗后病情缓解者, 术前可应用小剂量GC和DMARDs。

外科手术禁忌证  (1)患侧肾脏长径≤8.5 cm; (2)血肌酐≥ 309 μmol/L(3.5 mg/dL); (3)患侧肾脏GFR≤10 mL·min-1·1.73 m-2; (4)肾内动脉RI≥0.8;(5)超声、CTA或MRA显示肾实质有大片无灌注区。若存在顽固性高血压, 即使患者肾功能术后不可逆转, 仍可考虑进行外科手术治疗。

手术目标  主要目标是改善高血压、改善肾功能, 防治高血压所致并发症, 包括脑心肾等重要脏器衰竭, 次要目标是减少降压药物的使用。

疗效判断标准  (1)解剖标准:经皮血管成形术(percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, PTA)后病变肾动脉直径残余狭窄 < 50%, 或支架术后残余狭窄 < 30%[91]; (2)血流动力学标准:TSPG<21 mmHg; (3)临床血压标准:①高血压治愈:无需降压药物的情况下, 血压低于140/90 mmHg; ②高血压改善:使用相同降压药物治疗的情况下, 收缩压<140 mmHg或舒张压<90 mmHg; 使用相同或更少降压药物治疗的情况下, 收缩压或舒张压下降≥20 mmHg; ③高血压无效:达不到上述两项标准者[91]。(4)临床肾功能标准:①肾功能改善--血肌酐水平较术前降低≥20%;②肾功能稳定--血肌酐水平较术前变化 < 20%;③肾功能恶化--血肌酐水平较术前升高≥20%。

术式及其疗效与安全性  基于患者临床特征、局部解剖和功能变化、全身多脏器功能水平等, 结合风险/获益、脏器功能恢复是否可逆、预期寿命等, 制定个体化的外科手术治疗策略。术式分类(表 3):(1)血管腔内治疗, 具有创伤小、见效快、操作简便、成功率高、住院时间短等特点。主要包括:①经皮血管成形术(percutaneous translumial angioplasy, PTA), 具有血管腔内不留移植物、可以重复操作等优点, 是TARAS的首选治疗术式; ②支架植入术, 通常建立于PTA治疗基础之上[92]。(2)开放手术治疗, 具有远期血管预后较好的优点。包括:①腹主动脉-肾动脉旁路移植术, 肾动脉或肝-肾动脉吻合术; ②自体肾移植术; ③肾切除等。

表 3 TARAS患者的外科手术治疗 Tab 3 Surgical treatments on patients with TARAS
IndicationProcedureHypertensionRenal
function
Restenosis
rate (%)
Patency
rate (%)
Peri-surgery
complication
Late-phase
complication
(1) Endovascular intervention
① PTA
[10, 95-104]
Single and
local lesion
Simple, high success rate, some failure
rate when with
abdominal aorta
ControlImprove17 (95%CI:
11-23)
5-y patency
rate:91
(95%CI:
80-100)
① Arterial
rupture
② Dissection
③ Perforation
④ Embolism
⑤ Contrast-
induced
nephropathy
① Restenosis
② Pseudoaneurysm formation
② Stenting
[10, 95, 98]
Ostial lesion or
long lesion,
with aneurysm
or dissection
Simple, high success rateControlNA48 (95%CI:
16-80)
1-y primary
patency
rate:73%
(95%CI:
54-92),
5-y primary
patency rate:35 (95%CI:
13-58)
① Arterial
rupture
② Dissection
③ Thrombosis
In-stent
restenosis
(2) Open
surgery
[95, 96, 105-115]
① Lesions not
suitable for
endovascular interventions (too long or
cross ostial)
② Remediation after failure of endovascular interventions
③ When
abdominal
aorta nearby
needs open
revascularization
④ When
there are
contraindications
to antiplatelet
drugs, severe
allergies to
contrast agents, etc.
Success rate 50.3%(95%CI:18%-
83%)
ControlNA27.6 (95%CI:
21-34)
1-y primary patency
rate:92.7
(95%CI:
89-96)
3-y primary patency rate:87.8
(95%CI:
82-93)
5-y primary patency rate:81.5
(95%CI:
76-87)
① Arterial
rupture
② Acute
thrombosis
③ Anastomotic
pseudoaneurysm
④ Stroke
① Restenosis
② Thrombosis
TARA:Takayasu’s arteritis-induced renal arteritis; PTA:Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty; CI:Confidence interval; NA:Not availabe.

国内随访数据显示, 外科手术治疗的5年生存率为93.1%、10年生存率为90.1%, 围手术期死亡率为2.12%、远期死亡率为8.23%, 再手术率为8.23%[93]。国外长期随访也显示, 外科总体手术治疗的20年累积生存率可达73.5%, 术后远期并发症主要为术后再狭窄、吻合口动脉瘤形成等, 主要死因为心力衰竭[3]。开放手术治疗与单纯PTA治疗患者在术后第10年的靶血管通畅率显著高于支架植入术患者。开放手术治疗与血管腔内治疗患者的10年累积生存率无明显差异, 但开放手术后更易出现如脑出血、心脏填塞等严重并发症[94]。随访2~11年的数据显示, 开放手术的血管并发症发生率为38%, 而血管腔内治疗的血管并发症发生率为50%。

高血压并发症治疗

高血压的监测与随访  指导患者进行家庭血压监测(home blood pressure monitoring, HBPM)和记录, 定期至医院进行无创四肢血压、动态血压监测。

降压治疗的策略与权衡  降压治疗前, 需评估肾动脉以外受累血管以及各靶器官的结构及功能, 根据靶器官对缺血缺氧的耐受能力强弱, 进行降压决策时, 按照靶器官重要性的排序依据(即“脑-心-肾”)作出考量与权衡。对颅脑受累的患者, 要全面考量有无急性脑血管事件等危象, 有无颅脑血管受累或颈动脉狭窄等潜在风险, 客观评价脑血管灌注水平、代偿程度等; 对心脏受累患者, 需评估心脏结构和功能状态、冠状动脉有无严重狭窄病变等心脏缺血风险; 对肾脏受累患者, 应全面评估肾动脉病变(包括单侧/双侧)、有无RAAS系统激活以及有无急慢性肾功能损伤等。若同时存在多个系统受累, 建议MDT进行协调诊治, 遵循颅脑血供优先的原则制定个体化的降压策略。

降压治疗的目标与用药选择  高血压患者的降压靶目标是<140/90 mmHg, 若耐受良好可降至<130/80 mmHg。常用降压药物包括血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ACEI)、血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(angiotensin receptor blocker, ARB)、钙通道阻滞剂、β受体阻滞剂和利尿剂等, 单药或者联合降压治疗。根据靶器官受累情况进行分层。

(1) 单纯肾动脉受累:制定降压目标时需兼顾考虑肾脏的灌注水平。本共识建议:①高血压合并单侧RAS, 首选ACEI/ARB降压治疗, 需监测肾功能和血钾, 当血肌酐>165 μmol/L时慎用; ②高血压合并双侧严重RAS以及单个功能肾脏, 慎用ACEI/ARB, 透析患者除外。

(2) 合并颈动脉受累:降压治疗需充分保证脑灌注, 急性脑梗死时谨慎使用快速强力降压方案。一侧颈动脉狭窄≥70%时, 收缩压控制在130~150 mmHg; 双侧颈动脉狭窄≥70%时, 收缩压控制在150~170 mmHg; 对于颈动脉狭窄<70%的高血压患者, 降压治疗同一般人群。降压药物从小剂量开始, 优先选择长效制剂。本共识推荐使用CCB及ACEI/ARB降压治疗。

妊娠  育龄期TA患者, 需要MDT全面评估病情活动度、充分权衡脏器功能水平, 以决定患者的妊娠风险和时机。出现以下情况时不建议妊娠:(1)肺动脉受累, 继发肺动脉高压; (2)腹主动脉和(或)髂动脉受累, 影响子宫动脉供血; (3)未控制的肾血管性高血压; (4)主动脉弓及其分支受累, 严重影响心、脑等重要脏器灌注。TARA患者的妊娠期用药参照2017年EULAR对妊娠与哺乳期GC与DMARDs用药建议[116]

总结  本共识是国内首个TARA相关的多学科专家共识, 参考国内外研究的最新成果, 结合我国国情及诊疗特点, 从多系统、多角度认识疾病, 多学科协作诊疗, 系统全面地推进各级别医院各学科对于TARA的认识, 规范TARA的诊断、评估与治疗等临床诊疗流程。在共识的制定过程中, 推进各学科的交流与协作、内外科的序贯与结合, 有助于科学制定方案及规范管理随访, 提高我国对于TARA患者疾病诊疗与健康管理的水平。

共识主要发起者  姜林娣(复旦大学附属中山医院)

学术秘书及执笔  马莉莉,戴晓敏,刘云,尹蒙蒙(复旦大学附属中山医院)

共识专家组成员(作者排名不分先后,在各学科中按姓氏汉语拼音为序)

风湿免疫科  戴晓敏(复旦大学附属中山医院);顾越英(上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院);姜林娣(复旦大学附属中山医院);厉小梅(中国科学技术大学附属第一医院);李兴福(山东大学齐鲁医院);林进(浙江大学附属第一医院);马莉莉(复旦大学附属中山医院);舒强(山东大学齐鲁医院);谈文峰(南京医科大学第一附属医院);王友莲(江西省人民医院);朱小春(温州医科大学附属第一医院)

血管外科  董智慧,符伟国(复旦大学附属中山医院)

心脏内科  高平进(上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院);钱菊英,王翔飞(复旦大学附属中山医院)

肾脏内科  梅长林(海军军医大学附属长征医院);邹建洲(复旦大学附属中山医院)

神经内科  丁晶(复旦大学附属中山医院);史朗峰(复旦大学附属华山医院);张宇浩(复旦大学附属中山医院)

泌尿外科  许明(复旦大学附属中山医院)

放射诊断科  李超伦,林江,石洪成(复旦大学附属中山医院)

医学统计学  金雪娟(复旦大学附属中山医院上海市心血管病研究所流行病室);秦国友(复旦大学公共卫生学院生物统计学教研室);应峻(复旦大学图书馆)

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文章信息

大动脉炎性肾动脉炎诊治多学科共识中国专家组
Chinese Multidisciplinary Expert Task Force on TARA
中国大动脉炎性肾动脉炎(TARA)诊治多学科专家共识
Chinese multidisciplinary recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of Takayasu's arteritis-induced renal arteritis (TARA)
复旦学报医学版, 2019, 46(6): 711-725.
Fudan University Journal of Medical Sciences, 2019, 46(6): 711-725.
Corresponding author
JIANG Lin-di, E-mail:jiang.lindi@zs-hospital.sh.cn.
基金项目
国家自然科学基金(81771730,81601398);上海市科委研究项目(17140902000)
Foundation item
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81771730, 81601398) and the Research Program of Science and Technology Committee of Shanghai (17140902000)

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