2. 复旦大学附属华山医院抗生素研究所 上海 200040
2. Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
肺炎克雷伯杆菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)引起的社区获得性感染, 最常见的为肺部及泌尿系感染。特定荚膜型肺炎克雷伯菌感染时, 患者肝脏更易形成脓肿并导致转移性并发症:菌血症、脑膜炎、眼内炎以及坏死性筋膜炎等, 如出现上述1种或多种并发症时称为肺炎克雷伯菌肝脓肿侵袭综合征[1]。近年来, 亚洲多地报道了由该细菌导致的肝脓肿侵袭综合征, 我国肺炎克雷伯菌感染引起的侵袭综合征并不罕见, 近年来呈增加趋势, 病情进展快且预后差。本文对复旦大学附属华山医院近期收治的10例肺炎克雷伯菌所致肝脓肿侵袭综合征患者的临床资料进行总结, 结合文献复习分析此类病例的临床特点和处理方法, 以期提高对肺炎克雷伯菌感染所致肝脓肿侵袭综合征的认识, 有助于对患者进行早期及时治疗, 尽量降低后遗症的发生率。
资料和方法一般资料 2015年1月至2017年10月, 复旦大学附属华山医院共诊断10例肺炎克雷伯菌感染引起的侵袭综合征患者(排除多次住院患者)。其中女性2例, 男性8例, 平均年龄47.1岁, 8例患者合并糖尿病, 2例患者无基础疾病。其中病例4是在当地旅游爬山后发病, 病例6在欧洲旅游期间发病, 病例8在澳洲旅游期间发病, 其余患者发病前无特殊。
检查方法 对10例患者进行影像学检查(腹部B超或CT)及眼部检查(眼底检查、眼部B超或眶内CT)及辅助检查(血常规)。对患者的肺穿刺液、肝穿刺液、血液及眼内容物等进行病原学检查, 获取药敏报告。
结果临床症状 10例患者均是以发热起病, 短期内出现了眼部症状如视物模糊, 失明等表现, 还有患者合并有咳嗽、乏力等表现(表 1)。肝外侵袭部位最常见为眼睛、血流、肺部、胸膜、心包、肾脏, 甚至神经受累等。
Case | Gender | Age (y) |
Main complaints | T2DM | WBC (×109/L) |
Neutrophil (%) | Platelets (×109/L) |
CRP (mg/L) |
Invasion site |
1 | Male | 16 | Fever with blurred vision in the right eye for 1 mo | - | 8.0 | 75 | 15 | 200 | Liver, eye |
2 | Male | 40 | Fever with fatigue and cough for 9 d | + | 15.0 | 83 | 40 | 90 | Liver, eye, pleura, pericardium |
3 | Female | 54 | Fever for 10 d | + | 12.5 | 93 | 176 | 175 | Liver, eye, blood flow |
4 | Female | 57 | Fever for 11 d, blindness in the right eye for 5 d | + | 22.0 | 74 | 21 | 87 | Liver, eyes, lung blood flow |
5 | Male | 34 | Repeated fever for 18 d, blindness in both eyes for 4 d | + | 15.5 | 75 | 48 | 203 | Liver, blood flow, eyes, lung |
6 | Male | 40 | Fever more than 20 d | + | 4.9 | 54 | 226 | 38 | Liver, eyes, lung, blood flow |
7 | male | 70 | Fever and vision, right drops sharply for 1 wk | + | 5.6 | 65 | 395 | 11 | Liver, right eye, facial nerve |
8 | Male | 57 | Fever and vision, left abnormality for 2 d | + | 16.7 | 89 | 14 | 607 | Liver, left eye, blood flow |
9 | Male | 39 | Fever for 1 d | + | 7.5 | 69 | 305 | 69 | Liver, left eye, lung, pleura, blood flow |
10 | Male | 64 | Fever for 12 d, blindness in both eyes for 7 d | - | 4.6 | 42 | 227 | 53 | Liver, both eyes, blood flow |
T2DM:Type 2 diabetes mellitus; WBC:White blood cell; CRP:C-reactive protein. |
影像学检查 10例患者在腹部B超或CT上均有脓肿的表现, 多个患者合并有肺脓肿、胸腔积液等表现(表 3)。
Case | Etiology | Imaging | Eye examination | Systemic therapy | Local treatment |
1 | Pulmonary puncture fluid | Liver right lobe abscess, pleural effusion and pericardial effusion. | A large amount of yellow and white uplift and massive, hemorrhage | CFS+AMK | Levofloxacin + Di colon eye drops |
2 | Pulmonary puncture fluid | Liver right lobe abscess | Vitreous opacity, posterior detachment, ciliary choroidal detachment with superior cavity opacity | IMP+AMK+LVX | Enucleation |
3 | Blood culture | Liver right lobe abscess, abnormal signals on both sides of parietal lobe and bilateral paraventricular | Left vitreous opacities, omentum, white, exudative and hemorrhagic foci above the optic disc. | IMP | Intraocular injection of AMK, cefoxin and dexamethasone |
4 | Two generation sequencing of ocular contents | Liver right lobe abscess | Right eye conjunctiva mixed congestion, bulbar conjunctiva edema, clear cornea, white pus in the anterior chamber, pupil area see white exudate | IMP+CRO | Vitreous aspiration |
5 | Liver abscess puncture fluid | Liver right lobe abscess | Subretinal hemorrhage and bleeding may occur in ciliary choroidal detachment. | CFS+CIP | Intraocular injection of AMK and CAZ, vitrectomy and lens excision |
6 | Multiple blood cultures | Liver right lobe 63×42 mm low density foci, abscess may, pulmonary abscess | Vitreous opacity in both eyes and posterior vitreous detachment in the left eye | IMP+AMK | Enucleation |
7 | Liver abscess puncture fluid | There is a 59×26 mm heterogeneous echo in left lateral lobe of liver | Abnormal echo inboth eyes, vitreous opacity, high density in the right eye, retinal detachment | MER+AMK | Right eye phacoemulsification, right eye vitrectomy, retinal detachment |
8 | Blood and eye secretion culture | There is a liquid dark area of about 44×25 mm at the top of the right posterior iliac crest, consider for abscess | Left lens density, abnormal position | TZP+CIP, CRO+CIP | Left eye removal |
9 | Seven blood cultures | Right liver mixed echo (abscess possible) | Left eye glass weight turbidity, fundus lesions:choroidal detachment, retinal detachment | IMP+AMK+CIP | Left eye removal |
10 | Pulmonary puncture fluid | Liver right lobe abscess, the maximum diameter of 8.8 cm, the inferior lung insufficiency, bilateral pleural effusion | The structure of the eyes is unclear, the endometrium is edematous, the wall of the ball is thin, the structure of the optic nerve is unclear, and the bulge | MER+AMK+LVX | Topical topical drugs |
CFZ:Cefazolin; AMK:Amikacin; PIP:Piperacillin; CXM:Cefuroxime; CTX:Cefotaxime; CAZ:Ceftazidime; CFP:Cefoperazone; CIP:Ciprofloxacin; CRO:Ceftriaxone; LVX:Levofloxacin; TZP:Piperacillin tazobactam; AMC:Amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium; ATM:Aztreonam; IMP:Imipenem; MER:Meropenem; CFS:Cefoperazone sulbactam. |
眼部相关检查 10例患者均出现程度不等的眼底视网膜渗出、出血、剥离, 晶状体混浊, 眼部B超或眶内CT可发现眼球内缘梭形稍高密度, 视网膜脱离等。
辅助检查 6例患者出现白细胞明显升高, 8例患者中性粒细胞升高明显, 5例患者血小板下降明显, 2例患者血小板升高明显, 9例患者超敏C反应蛋白升高明显(表 1)。
病原学检查及药敏报告 10例患者均有病原学依据(表 2):其中3例在肺穿刺液培养中可见肺炎克雷伯菌, 2例在肝穿刺脓液培养可见该菌, 4例多次血培养均可见该菌; 其中1例同时在血和眼内容物培养到该菌, 1例在眼内容物二代测序中检出。病例4因常规培养未检出致病菌而无药敏报告, 另有3例患者的肺炎克雷伯菌为产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(extended spectrum β-lactamase, ESBL), 对亚胺培南、替加环素、阿米卡星等抗菌药物的敏感性较好, 而对大部分β-内酰胺类抗菌药物的耐药率较高, 6例非产ESBL的肺炎克雷伯菌对一、二代头孢菌素的耐药率较高, 对氨基糖苷类、氟喹诺酮类、头霉素类、含酶抑制剂的β-内酰胺类及碳青霉烯类的耐药率相对较低。
Antimicrobial agent | 1 | 2 | 3(1) | 4(2) | 5 | 6(1) | 7 | 8(3) | 9(1) | 10 |
Ampicillin | S | R | S | - | R | S | S | R | R | R |
Cefazolin | R | S | R | - | S | I | R | R | R | R |
Cefuroxime | I | R | R | - | R | R | R | R | R | R |
Cefoxitin | S | I | S | - | S | S | R | I | R | R |
Ceftriaxone | S | S | S | - | S | S | S | R | R | R |
Ceftazidime | S | S | S | - | S | S | S | R | R | R |
Extended spectrum β-lactamase | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | + | + |
Cefoperazone and Subactam | S | S | S | - | S | S | S | R | R | S |
Piperacillin/tazobactam | S | S | S | - | S | S | S | R | S | R |
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid | S | R | S | - | S | S | S | R | S | R |
Furadantin | S | S | S | - | S | S | S | R | S | S |
Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim | R | S | R | - | S | R | S | R | R | R |
Cefepime | S | S | S | - | S | S | S | R | R | S |
Ciprofloxacin | S | I | S | - | S | S | S | R | S | R |
Levofloxacin | S | S | S | - | S | S | S | R | S | S |
Tigecycline | S | S | S | - | S | S | S | S | S | S |
Imipenem | S | S | S | - | S | S | S | R | S | R |
Aztreonam | S | S | S | - | S | S | S | S | S | S |
Amikacin | S | S | S | - | S | S | S | R | S | S |
Gentamycin | S | S | S | - | S | S | S | S | R | S |
Tobramycin | S | S | R | - | S | S | S | R | S | R |
(1) The patient who had multiple blood culture reports recorded the drug sensitivity report of the first blood culture.(2)The pathogen was detected by the second sequencing, so there was no drug sensitivity report.(3) The susceptibility results of the blood and eye contents culture were the same.R:Resistance; S:Sensitivity; I:Intermediation; -:Negative; +:Positive. |
治疗及预后 10例患者病初均静脉使用抗菌药物(表 3), 以三代头孢、β内酰胺类酶抑制剂或碳青霉烯类药物为主, 其中8例患者联合使用了氨基糖苷类或喹诺酮类药物, 后期序贯口服药物。9例患者经过治疗后好转, 1例患者因合并多脏器功能衰竭而死亡。
讨论肺炎克雷伯菌引起的肝脓肿首先在中国台湾地区报道, 随后在新加坡、中国香港和韩国等亚洲多地报道出由该菌引起的肝脓肿侵袭综合征, 并逐渐成为一种全球性的疾病。有文献将与人类多脏器侵袭性感染有关的肺炎克雷伯菌株定义为高毒力血清型肺炎克雷伯菌(highly virulence serotype Klebsiella pneumoniae, hvKP), hvKP是患有糖尿病的亚裔患者肝脓肿的主要病原, 可能与亚洲人群的粪便中该细菌的高负荷量有关[2]。hvKP虽然毒力强但对大部分抗菌药物敏感, 这种现象可能与其很难获得耐药相关的质粒, 或者耐药基因与毒力基因的不兼容性有关。本文报道10例患者均有肝脓肿及肝外侵袭表现, 且均并发眼内炎致患眼失明或视力减退, 部分病例合并有肺脓肿、血流感染、心包积液等。
肺炎克雷伯菌肝脓肿侵袭综合征的发病率为3.5%~20.0%, 总体预后尚可, 死亡率为2.8%~10.8 %[3]。其发病机制不明, 可能的机制包括宿主胃肠道黏膜保护屏障破坏, 正常定植菌的播散、口咽定植菌的吸入, 直接胆源性播散和血源性传播。宿主的危险因素包括免疫受损(如糖尿病、嗜酒、恶性肿瘤、慢性阻塞性肺疾病和糖皮质激素的治疗)。肝硬化、既往肝脓肿病史和尿路结石可能已是其危险因素。既往肝脓肿引起肝脏结构和肝胆管系统的血流变化, 损伤Kupper’s细胞进而导致肝脓肿。也有研究认为流行地区旅行或暴露史也是一个危险因素, 如我们的病例全部是亚洲血统, 其中病例6和病例8均为在国外旅游时发病。6个独立危险因素可以预测肺炎克雷伯菌肝脓肿严重并发症[4]:血小板减少症(<150×109/L); 碱性磷酸酶> 300 U/L; 脓肿内气腔形成; 急性生理和慢性健康评估Ⅱ评分(APACHE Ⅱ)>40;初始治疗使用头孢唑啉(而不是广谱头孢菌素); 延迟引流。我们的10例患者中8例患者伴有糖尿病, 其中5例出现明显的血小板减少, 外院使用一、二代头孢菌素可能也是引起侵袭性综合征的原因。也有研究发现APACHE Ⅱ评分≥20, 急性呼吸衰竭和休克是任何部位转移性感染的最大阳性预测因子; APACHEⅡ评分≥16, 转移性感染、感染性休克、急性呼吸衰竭、需要机械通气和影像学上的气腔形成是死亡的显著预测因子, 同时也发现脓腔引流是死亡的保护因子[5]。
最常见的远处感染症状是眼内炎, 脑膜炎和脑脓肿, 其他的症状包括腰椎感染和脊髓炎、关节盘炎、脓毒性肺栓塞、肺脓肿、肾脓肿、坏死性筋膜炎、颈部脓肿、中耳炎、骨髓炎、关节炎、前列腺脓肿、门静脉炎和腰大肌脓肿。感染性眼内炎主要通过血源性播散, 眼部症状一般出现在细菌性肝脓肿诊断之后的48~72 h[6], 也有可能这些感染和并发症在发病时已经存在, 无论是否已经使用抗生素, 都是不可预防的。出现眼内炎症状的患者需要引起高度的重视, 因为症状往往是细微的, 容易被忽视, 视力预后往往较差。这可能与眼部组织血管少, 血供不丰富, 炎症吸收困难有关; 在疾病早期可能已经出现了晶状体的破坏、眼内压升高和视网膜的脱离等。
肺炎克雷伯菌的荚膜多糖抗原与其致病力有关, 共分为78个血清型, 不同荚膜血清型之间毒力有差异, K1、K2、K5、K16、K20、K54、K57和KN1被认为是高毒力的荚膜血清型, 其中K1是公认的毒力最强且最常见的荚膜血清型, 尤其在糖尿病患者中最常见, 高毒力性荚膜血清型在多个位点引起破坏性、侵袭性转移感染[7]。有文献报道, 肺炎克雷伯菌的荚膜血清型与肝外侵袭临床表现和预后并无相关性[3], 故仅凭临床表现难以区分致病菌是否高毒力血清型。在中国台湾地区, 肺炎克雷伯菌的K1和K2基因型一般与magA和rmpA基因伴存[8], 这些基因引起高黏液表型的毒力增加, 且体外对抗巨噬细胞的吞噬作用增加, 从而增加了转移感染的风险。Tan等[9]发现转移性脓毒性并发症通常是由血清型K1或K2引起的。肝脓肿侵袭综合征以社区获得性居多, 一般是单种细菌所致的感染。菌株血清型可为患者总体预后提供参考。因本研究中患者发病分散, 病原学数据多由外院获得, 故无法进一步分析其表型、血清型、基因型及菌株毒力实验等。
在亚洲, 头孢菌素是治疗肺炎克雷伯菌肝脓肿的最主要药物; 在美国, 抗感染治疗更倾向于联合使用抗菌药物。社区获得性肺炎克雷伯菌很少产ESBL, 本研究10例患者中3例培养的肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBL, 因此静脉三代头孢菌素为治疗非产ESBL肺炎克雷伯菌肝脓肿侵袭综合征的首选, 其在脑脊液和玻璃体内可以快速达到治疗浓度。而碳青霉烯类抗生素是产ESBL肺炎克雷伯菌的首选药物, 本组8例患者进行了联合治疗。抗感染的疗程因人而异, 通常单发脓肿2~4周, 多发脓肿6周左右[10]。早期应考虑玻璃体内使用抗生素, 而不是单独静脉应用抗菌药物。除经验性抗生素治疗外, 引流是肝脓肿的主要治疗策略, 除非有多个微脓肿, 在这种情况下, 细针穿刺术对诊断和治疗均有意义。对于APACHE Ⅱ评分≥15的患者, 积极的肝切除术比传统的经皮穿刺引流效果更好[11]。总疗程通常是引流成功后结合静脉抗生素治疗3~4周, 持续引流1~2周, 当引流物培养转阴, 或引流量<5 mL/天持续3~5天, 且体温正常后可以考虑夹闭或拔除引流管。
文献回顾表明, 有眼和中枢神经系统症状的糖尿病患者, 尤其是亚洲血统的患者, 早期诊断时需要考虑侵袭性肺炎克雷伯菌肝脓肿综合征的可能。有眼部症状的细菌性肝脓肿患者或肺炎克雷伯菌败血症的患者早期应进行眼科筛查。其他部位转移性疾病的筛查应以临床为依据, 通过动态影像学观察, 立即和重复细菌培养并进行药物敏感性试验。有条件者可进行血清分型、细菌相关毒力因子检测, 明确诊断后应尽早充分引流。早期诊断和适当治疗有助于预防灾难性转移并发症、最小化后遗症和改善最终临床结局。
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