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   复旦学报(医学版)  2019, Vol. 46 Issue (1): 47-52      DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2019.01.008
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血清血管内皮生长因子-D (VEGF-D)在多发囊泡性肺疾病(PLD)鉴别诊断中的价值
牟艳1 , 黄嘉楠2 , 叶伶2 , 王坚2 , 金美玲2     
1. 复旦大学附属华东医院呼吸科 上海 200040;
2. 复旦大学附属中山医院呼吸科 上海 200032
摘要目的 探讨血清血管内皮生长因子-D(vascular endothelial growth factor-D, VEGF-D)在淋巴管平滑肌瘤病(lymphangioleiomyomatosis, LAM)中的表达及其在多发囊泡性肺疾病(polycystic lung disease, PLD)鉴别诊断中的价值。方法 采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测50例LAM患者、34例其他多发囊泡性肺疾病(other polycystic lung disease, OPLD)和20例健康对照者的血清VEGF-D水平。结果 50例LAM均为确诊患者, 其中33例通过病理确诊, 23例为肺活检, 5例为腹膜后肿物活检, 5例为肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(renal angiomyolipoma, AML)活检。50例LAM患者中21例伴有乳糜胸, 2例伴有乳糜腹, 17例伴有AML, 3例伴有结节性硬化症。50例LAM患者首发症状的年龄为19~60岁, 34例OPLD患者首发症状的年龄为30~69岁, 20例健康对照者的年龄为24~49岁。LAM组和健康对照组的血清VEGF-D水平分别为(3 986.1±361.2) pg/mL和(413.4±33.2) pg/mL, 差异有统计学意义(P < 0.001)。ROC曲线的AUC为0.995, 最佳临界值为692.5 pg/mL, 其敏感性和特异性分别为98%和100%。OPLD组的血清VEGF-D水平为(505.7±25.6) pg/mL, 与LAM组相比差异有统计学意义(P < 0.001)。ROC曲线的AUC为0.991, 最佳临界值为901.0 pg/mL, 其敏感性和特异性分别为94%和100%。结论 LAM患者血清VEGF-D水平显著升高, 具有较高的敏感性和特异性, 在LAM和OPLD鉴别诊断中有重要价值。
关键词淋巴管平滑肌瘤病(LAM)    血管内皮生长因子-D(VEGF-D)    多发囊泡性肺疾病(PLD)    鉴别诊断    
Role of serum vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VEGF-D) in the differential diagnosis of polycystic lung disease (PLD)
MOU Yan1 , HUANG Jia-nan2 , YE Ling2 , WANG jian2 , JIN Mei-ling2     
1. Department of Respiratory Disease, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China;
2. Department of Respiratory Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
Abstract: Objective To determine the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VEGF-D) in lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) and its differential diagnosis in polycystic lung diseases (PLD). Methods Serum VEGF-D levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 50 cases with LAM, 34 cases with other polycystic lung disease (OPLD) and 20 cases of healthy volunteers. Results Of the 50 LAM patients, 33 cases were diagnosed by pathological examinations, including 23 cases of lung biopsy, 5 cases of retroperitoneal neoplasm biopsy and 5 cases of renal angiomyolipoma (AML) biopsy.Of the 50 LAM patients, 21 cases associated with chylothorax, 2 cases associated with chyloperitoneum, 17 cases associated with AML, and 3 cases associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC).Symptoms of the 50 LAM patients started from 19 to 60 years old.Symptoms of 34 OPLD patients started from 30 to 69 years old.The ages of 20 healthy controls were from 24 to 49 years old.Serum VEGF-D levels were significantly greater in LAM patients than in healthy controls [(3 986.1±361.2) pg/mL vs. (413.4±33.2) pg/mL, P < 0.001].The optimal cutoff point for LAM diagnosis was 692.5 pg/mL with the sensitivity of 98% and the specificity of 100%, respectively.Serum VEGF-D levels were significantly elevated in LAM patients than in OPLD patients [(3 986.1±361.2) pg/mL vs.(505.7±25.6) pg/mL, P < 0.001].The optimal cutoff point for LAM diagnosis was 901.0 pg/mL with the sensitivity of 94% and the specificity of 100%, respectively. Conclusions Serum VEGF-D levels significantly increased in patients with LAM with a higher sensitivity and specificity.Serum VEGF-D had an important role in the differential diagnosis of LAM and OPLD.
Key words: lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM)    vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VEGF-D)    polycystic lung disease (PLD)    differential diagnosis    

淋巴管平滑肌瘤病(lymphangioleiomyomatosis, LAM)是一种罕见的肺部疾病, 主要发生在育龄期女性, 它可以散发或者与结节性硬化症(tuberous sclerosis complex, TSC)有关[1-2]。据最新统计LAM的发病率大约为3.35~7.76例/百万女性[3], 男性和儿童中罕有LAM的报道[4-6]。LAM的临床表现主要有进展性呼吸困难、复发性气胸、乳糜胸和咯血, 预后较差[7]。肺外表现有肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(renal angiomyolipoma, AML)和淋巴管平滑肌瘤(表现为淋巴结肿大和中轴淋巴管囊性肿块)[8]。LAM在胸部高分辨CT(high-resolution computed tomography, HRCT)上特征性表现为均匀分布的多发囊性病变, 囊泡的外形、大小、轮廓变化较大, 直径多在2~5 mm, 偶尔可以达到30 mm [9-10]

LAM的诊断需要组织活检和/或结合病史与胸部HRCT。病理诊断依赖于特征性LAM细胞形态、免疫组化平滑肌肌动蛋白(smooth muscle actin, SAM)和人类黑色素瘤45抗体(HMB45)阳性。如无病理活检, 典型的临床和影像学表现并且伴有以下一项时也可以确诊, 如AML、乳糜胸或乳糜腹、淋巴管平滑肌瘤或淋巴结LAM受累和TSC[11]。由于LAM特征性的影像学表现, 有经验的临床医师依靠HRCT诊断LAM具有较高的准确性, 但是仅依靠HRCT作出临床诊断是不准确的[12]。许多疾病如肺朗格汉斯细胞增多症(pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis, PLCH)、淋巴细胞间质性肺炎(lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia, LIP)、肺气肿、结缔组织病(Connective tissue diseases, CTD)、干燥综合征(Sjögren′s syndrome, SS)、系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE)、结节病和Birt-Hogg Dubé(BHD)综合征等在影像上也有多发性囊泡改变, 需要与LAM进行鉴别诊断。

血管内皮生长因子-D(serum vascular endothelial growth factor-D, VEGF-D)是血管内皮生长因子家族的一员, 其在淋巴管内皮细胞增殖、迁移和诱导淋巴管形成中发挥重要作用[11]。最近国内外研究发现LAM患者中血清VEGF-D水平显著升高, 并提出将VEGF-D作为诊断LAM的生物标志物[13-16], 本研究将进一步探讨血清VEGF-D水平在LAM中的表达及其在PLD鉴别诊断中的意义。

资料和方法

研究对象  选取2012年1月到2015年12月在复旦大学附属中山医院就诊的PLD患者。入选标准:胸部HRCT表现为双侧肺野广泛、多发囊泡性改变。LAM的诊断采用2010年欧洲呼吸协会制定的诊断标准[17]。健康志愿者为同期健康女性, 该研究经过复旦大学附属中山医院伦理委员会批准, 入选者自愿参加并签署知情同意书。

实验方法  患者入选后详细记录人口统计学资料、影像学检查资料、肺功能检查和病理检查结果。

胸部HRCT    采用GE Light Speed CVT 64层螺旋CT扫描机, 扫描方式:从肺尖覆盖至肺底, 扫描参数:120 kV, 150 mAs, 层厚5 mm, 层距5 mm, 运用HRCT薄层重建, 层厚1 mm。CT图像肺窗窗宽1 000~1 500 HU, 窗位-500 ~-400 HU, 纵隔窗窗宽350 HU, 窗位40 HU。每份HRCT结果均由复旦大学附属中山医院影像科2位医师评估。入选的患者均在本院进行至少1次HRCT检查。

血清VEGF-D检测    患者初次就诊时采集静脉血3 mL。采用VEGF-D检测试剂盒(美国R&D Systems公司), 通过酶联免疫吸附试验检测患者和健康志愿者的血清VEGF-D水平。

肺功能检查    使用Type Masterscreen-PFT Jaeger (德国Hoechberg公司)肺功能仪进行检测。由复旦大学附属中山医院呼吸科技术人员负责操作。主要检测指标包括:第1秒用力肺活量(forced expiratory volume in 1 second, FEV1), 第1秒用力肺活量/预测值(FEV1%pred)和第1秒用力肺活量/用力肺活量(FEV1/FVC)。单次呼吸法检测肺弥散功能指标一氧化碳弥散率/肺容积(DLco/VA%)。

统计学处理  采用SPSS 17.0统计分析软件, 符合正态分布的计量资料以x±s表示, 非正态分布计量资料采用区间R表示。使用ROC曲线选择敏感性和特异性都达到最大时的最佳临界点。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果

一般资料  2012年1月到2015年12月本研究中心共入组确诊的LAM患者50例, OPLD患者34例, 健康志愿者20例。

50例LAM均为确诊患者, 其中33例通过病理确诊, 23例为肺活检, 5例为腹膜后肿物活检, 5例为AML活检。21例伴有乳糜胸, 2例伴有乳糜腹, 17例伴有AML, 3例伴有TSC。LAM患者首发症状年龄为19~60岁, 平均(39.3±8.7)岁。34例OPLD患者HRCT表现为多发囊泡样改变(囊泡改变为非LAM的典型表现), 其中1例为BHD, 1例为结节病, 4例为SS, 2例为SLE, 1例为类风湿性关节炎, 1例为抗JO-1抗体综合征, 2例为肺气肿, 余诊断尚不明确, 首发症状年龄为30~69岁, 平均(46.9±9.6)岁。20例健康对照者年龄为24~49岁, 平均(33.5±5.8)岁。3组的年龄差异无统计学意义。LAM组患者表现为阻塞性通气功能障碍和弥散功能障碍, 对照组和OPLD组通气功能和弥散功能基本正常(表 1)。

表 1 3组患者的基本特征 Tab 1 Characteristics of the three groups
(x±s)
Characteristics Control LAM OPLD
Male/Female (n) 0/20 0/50 2/34
Age (y) 33.5±5.8 39.3±8.7 46.9±9.6
Chylothorax (n) 0 21 0
Chyloperitoneu (n) 0 2 0
AML (n) 0 19 0
VEGF-D (pg/mL) 413.4±33.2 3 986.1±361.2 505.7±25.6
FEV1 (L) 2.52±0.15 1.64±0.13 2.27±0.19
FEV1% pred (%) 99.6±6.5 63.6±4.7 93.10±6.1
FEV1/FVC (%) 80.1±6.1 62.9±3.1 80.50±1.7
DLco/VA% (%) 98.7±6.5 53.8±4.8 96.1±5.7

3组血清VEGF-D水平比较  LAM组、健康对照组和OPLD组的血清VEGF-D水平分别为(3 986.1±361.2)、(413.4±33.2)和(505.7±25.6) pg/mL, LAM组的血清VEGF-D水平较健康对照组有显著升高, 差异有统计学意义(P < 0.001, 图 1A)。ROC曲线的AUC为0.995, 最佳临界值为692.5 pg/mL, 其敏感性和特异性分别为98%和100% (图 1B)。血清VEGF-D水平具有较高的敏感性和特异性, 因此可以将692.5 pg/mL作为诊断LAM的血清学指标。LAM组血清VEGF-D水平较OPLD组显著提高, 差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。ROC曲线的AUC为0.991, 最佳临界值为901.0 pg/mL, 其敏感性和特异性分别为94%和100% (图 1C)。OPLD患者和健康对照者相比, 血清VEGF-D水平升高不明显(P=0.036)。

A:Comparation of serum VEGF-D among control group, OPLD group and LAM group; B:ROC curve of LAM group to control group; C:ROC curve of LAM group to OPLD group. 图 1 3组患者的血清VEGF-D水平及ROC曲线 Fig 1 Serum VEGF-D and the ROC curve of the three groups

PLD的影像学表现  LAM的HRCT的特征性改变是均匀分布的多个(>10)薄壁圆形界限清楚的含气囊性病变, 并且没有其他显著肺部受累, 如肺间质病变。OPLD的HRCT不典型, 表现为两肺分布的薄壁囊腔, 囊泡直径变化较大, 形状各不相同, 可为圆形、椭圆形和不规则形状(图 2)。41岁女性, 因反复咳嗽伴胸闷、气促就诊, 胸部CT提示两肺均匀分布多发、薄壁、圆形、界限清楚的囊腔, 胸腔镜肺活检病理明确诊断为LAM, 该患者血清VEGF-D水平为5 556 pg/mL (图 2A)。38岁女性, 因活动后气喘就诊, 胸部CT提示两肺均匀分布多发、薄壁、圆形、界限清楚的囊腔, 肺活检病理确诊为LAM, 该患者血清VEGF-D水平为4 562 pg/mL (图 2B)。46岁女性, 因反复气胸就诊, 通过基因检测诊断为BHD。该患者的胸部CT提示两肺分布薄壁囊腔, 囊泡直径变化较大, 形状各不相同, 可为圆形、椭圆形和不规则形状, 仍见气胸存在, 该患者血清VEGF-D水平为537 pg/mL (图 2C)。64岁女性, 因反复咳嗽伴眼干和口干就诊, 根据自身免疫指标检查、眼科检查和唇腺活检, 诊断为SS, 其胸部CT可见大小不等的囊腔, 形状不规则, 该患者血清VEGF-D水平为525 pg/mL (图 2D)。

A:A 41-year-old woman with repeated cough and shortness of breath was diagnosed as LAM.Chest CT showed multiple thin-walled circular cysts.B:A 38-year-old woman was diagnosed as LAM because of shortness of breath after exercise.Chest CT showed multiple thin-walled circular cysts with uniform distribution of the lungs.C:A 46-year-old woman diagnosed with BHD by genetic testing for repeated pneumothorax.Chest CT showed thin-walled cysts in both lungs.The diameter of the vesicles varied greatly with different shapes. It could be round, elliptical or irregular.D:A 64-year-old woman was diagnosed as dry syndrome.Chest CT showed different sizes and irregular shape of cysts. 图 2 LAM和OPLD的影像学表现 Fig 2 Imaging findings of LAM和OPLD
讨论

LAM是一种罕见疾病, 于1937年由von Stossel首先报告, 1966年Cornog和Enterline将其命名[18]。近年来临床医师对该疾病的认识逐渐增加, 国内已有不少关于LAM的报告和影像学分析[19-22], 但国内对于VEGF-D的研究较少。VEGF-D也称为淋巴管生成因子, 可结合血管内皮细胞表面受体VEGFR-3/Flt-4, 调节血管和淋巴管的生理功能。Seyama等[13]发现血清VEGF-D水平在LAM患者中显著高于健康对照者, 并提出血清VEGF-D≥800 pg/mL结合影像学中典型的多发囊泡样改变可诊断LAM。Chang等[14]对LAM患者和健康对照者的VEGF-D、血管紧张素转化酶、基质蛋白酶-2和9分别进行检测, 只有VEGF-D在LAM患者中显著升高, 提示血清VEGF-D可作为LAM的辅助诊断指标, 有可能降低LAM的活检率。Xu等[15]发现血清VEGF-D≥800 pg/mL具有较高的敏感性和特异性, 如果将其加入LAM的诊断标准, 90%的疑诊LAM可确诊为LAM, 同时创伤性活检可降低到10%以下。2016年美国胸科协会/日本呼吸协会发表了关于LAM诊断和管理的文章, 指出血清VEGF-D≥800 pg/mL可以作为生物标志物诊断LAM, 避免有创性检查[16]

从临床角度讲, LAM和OPLD的鉴别诊断价值要高于LAM和健康对照者。PLD是以两肺多发囊性气腔病变为特征的一组疾病, 其影像学均表现为多发囊泡性改变, 其病因主要包括LAM、PLCH、LIP、肺气肿、CTD、结节病和BHD综合征等, 其中LAM、PLCH是PLD最常见的病因。LAM特征性HRCT表现为均匀分布的多个(>10)大小不等的薄壁、圆形、界限清楚的含气囊性病变[10]。PLCH的HRCT表现为结节病变和囊泡性病变, 结节病变为早期主要表现, 囊泡性病变为晚期主要表现, 囊泡直径通常小于10 mm, 也可能高达20 mm, 主要表现为圆形、卵圆形或不规则形状囊腔。LIP的囊腔在两肺均匀分布, 形状各不相同, 通常较大, 但一般小于3 cm [23-24]。SS合并肺部病变时, 其重要的CT征象有磨玻璃样密度实变、结节和肺囊泡改变, 当HRCT出现肺内不规则线影和囊腔改变时, 肺部病理改变以不可逆的纤维化为主, 预示着肺部病变已达终末期[25]。BHD综合征为常染色体显性遗传病, HRCT囊性病变多为双侧分布的囊泡, 有时伴有隔膜, 囊泡变化较大, 可从数毫米到数厘米, 可为圆形、椭圆形和不规则形状, 下叶和纵膈旁多见[26]

有经验的临床医师结合典型的临床表现、影像学表现以及肺外表现可以对LAM和OPLD进行鉴别诊断。当临床表现和HRCT不典型时, 肺活检是诊断和鉴别PLD的金标准。肺活检是有创性检查手段, 伴有较多并发症, 并非所有患者都能耐受, 此时血清VEGF-D检测就具有重要意义。近期的一些研究发现血清VEGF-D水平在LAM中显著高于OPLD, 并提出将血清VEGF-D≥800 pg/mL作为鉴别LAM和OPLD的指标, 其敏感性和特异性分别为90%~100%和73%~87%[15, 27-31]

我们的研究发现, 与健康对照者相比, LAM患者的血清VEGF-D水平显著增加, 最佳临界值为692.5 pg/mL, 此时具有较高的敏感性和特异性。我们提出将692.5 pg/mL作为诊断LAM的参考标准。临床工作中, 我们参照指南诊断LAM, 对于没有病理的临床疑诊LAM患者, 血清VEGF-D水平的检测有助于减少活检率, 具有重要意义。LAM患者的血清VEGF-D水平显著高于OPLD, 所以我们提出将血清VEGF-D值901.0 pg/mL作为LAM和OPLD鉴别诊断的依据。

临床工作中, HRCT表现为多发囊泡性改变的疾病较难鉴别。VEGF-D作为一种有效的血清学生物标志物, 可以鉴别LAM和OPLD, 有助于减少有创性检查, 降低活检率, 具有重要临床意义。

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文章信息

牟艳, 黄嘉楠, 叶伶, 王坚, 金美玲
MOU Yan, HUANG Jia-nan, YE Ling, WANG jian, JIN Mei-ling
血清血管内皮生长因子-D (VEGF-D)在多发囊泡性肺疾病(PLD)鉴别诊断中的价值
Role of serum vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VEGF-D) in the differential diagnosis of polycystic lung disease (PLD)
复旦学报医学版, 2019, 46(1): 47-52.
Fudan University Journal of Medical Sciences, 2019, 46(1): 47-52.
Corresponding author
JIN Mei-ling, E-mail:mljin118@163.com.
基金项目
复旦大学附属中山医院青年基金(2abZSQN49);国家重点研发计划(2016YFC0901502)
Foundation item
This work was supported by the Youth Fund of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University (2abZSQN49) and the State Key Research and Development of China (2016YFC0901502)

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